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Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium (Crypto): apicomplexan protozoan parasite genus causing cryptosporidiosis, watery diarrhea; chlorine-resistant oocysts 4.2-5.4 µm; C. parvum and C. hominis; 1993 Milwaukee outbreak affected 403,000 people.
Cryptotis
Cryptotis is a genus of small-eared shrews ranging from southern Canada and the eastern United States through Central America to northern Peru, with around 50 species.
Crypturellus
Crypturellus (Brabourne & Chubb, 1914) is the largest genus of tinamous, forest-dwelling Neotropical palaeognath birds from Mexico to South America, including the Thicket, Undulated, and Little Tinamous.
Crystal cell
Crystal cells are blood cells (hemocytes) of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, one of three hemocyte types, that rupture to release enzymes driving melanization, clotting, and wound healing.
Crystal healing
Crystal healing: placing stones such as quartz on or around the body to influence health via energy fields or chakras. A 20th-century New Age practice, not an ancient one; trials show only placebo effects.
Crystal L. Mackall
Crystal L. Mackall is an American physician-scientist at Stanford University who pioneered CAR T cell therapy for pediatric leukemia after 27 years at the National Cancer Institute.
Crystal violet
Crystal violet (gentian violet, C.I. Basic Violet 3, C25H30ClN3) is a triphenylmethane dye patented in 1883, the primary stain of the Gram stain, a biofilm biomass assay dye, and an IARC Group 2B possible human carcinogen.
Crystallin
Crystallins are the abundant proteins of the eye lens, chiefly α-crystallins (small heat-shock proteins) and βγ-crystallins, plus recruited enzyme crystallins like τ-, δ2-, S-, and ψ-crystallin, providing transparency and refractive power.
Crystallin accumulating cell
Crystallin accumulating cell: the lens fiber cell of the vertebrate eye, which loads α, β, and γ-crystallins at over 500 mg/ml for lifelong transparency, then loses organelles and protein turnover, so aggregation causes cataract.
Cs-1003
CS-1003 (CS1003, nofazinlimab) is CStone Pharmaceuticals' humanized IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, mouse cross-reactive, with a global phase 3 lenvatinib combination trial in first-line hepatocellular carcinoma.
Csaba Pál
Csaba Pál is a Hungarian evolutionary biologist who leads a microbial experimental evolution laboratory at the Biological Research Centre in Szeged, known for a 2007 Nature study showing virus coevolution drives bacterial mutation rates.
Csaba Szabó (pharmacologist)
Csaba Szabó is a Hungarian-born pharmacologist known for research on PARP enzymes and hydrogen sulfide biology, and chair of pharmacology at the University of Fribourg since 2018.
CSF1
CSF1 (M-CSF, colony stimulating factor 1) is a human cytokine gene at 1p13.3 whose homodimeric protein drives macrophage and osteoclast development via CSF1R; its blockade depletes tumor-associated macrophages in cancer therapy.
CSF1R
CSF1R (c-Fms, CD115, M-CSFR) is the class III receptor tyrosine kinase gene at 5q32 encoding the receptor for CSF1 and IL-34; mutations cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy, and inhibitors like pexidartinib treat tenosynovial giant cell tumor.
CSF3R
CSF3R (G-CSFR, CD114) encodes the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, a cytokine receptor driving neutrophil production via JAK-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K pathways; its activating mutations define chronic neutrophilic leukemia and adverse-prognosis AML.
CSL Limited
CSL Limited (ASX: CSL) is an Australian global biopharmaceutical company operating CSL Behring, CSL Seqirus and CSL Vifor; one of the world's largest plasma collectors, with FY2025 revenue of US$15.6 billion and a FY2026 restructuring-driven net loss.
CSM study
CSM study: the AOSpine CSM North America (NCT00285337) and CSM International (NCT00565734) prospective cohort studies of cervical spondylotic myelopathy surgery, 757 patients, 26 sites, 2005-2011, led by Michael Fehlings.
CSPG4
CSPG4 (NG2, MCSP, HMW-MAA) is a human chromosome 15q24.2 gene encoding a type I transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed on pericytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors, and melanoma and other tumors, an immunotherapy target.
CSPPT trial
CSPPT (China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial), NCT00794885: 20,702 Chinese hypertensive adults randomized to enalapril 10 mg plus folic acid 0.8 mg or enalapril alone; folic acid cut first stroke 21% (HR 0.79).
CST complex subunit Ten1, fungal
Ten1 (fungal) is the small OB-fold subunit of the yeast CST telomere-capping complex (Cdc13/Ctc1-Stn1-Ten1), essential for telomere protection, C-strand fill-in, and subtelomeric replication in fission yeast.
CSTA
CSTA (cystatin A, stefin A; HGNC 2481, OMIM 184600) is a human gene at 3q21.1 encoding a 98-amino-acid type 1 cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor of papain and cathepsins B, H, and L, a cornified envelope precursor; loss-of-function mutations cause peeling skin syndrome 4 and acral peeling skin syndrome.
CSTB
CSTB (cystatin B, stefin B) is a human gene on 21q22.3 encoding an 11 kDa cysteine protease inhibitor; dodecamer promoter repeat expansions cause EPM1, Unverricht-Lundborg progressive myoclonic epilepsy.
cSVF-Lung trial
cSVF-Lung (NCT03909750, GARM 2 Lung) was a suspended Phase 1 Healeon Medical trial testing autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction by IV infusion in COPD and restrictive lung disease, 50 planned participants.
CT arthrography
CT arthrography (CTA) is an imaging technique in which contrast is injected into a joint before CT scanning, making it a reference standard for cartilage surface defects.
CT colonography
CT colonography, also called virtual colonoscopy, is a low-radiation-dose CT examination that images the prepared colon to detect polyps and cancer without sedation or an endoscope.
CT enterography
CT enterography is a computed tomography technique in which the patient drinks neutral oral contrast to distend the small bowel, used mainly to evaluate Crohn's disease.
CT myelography
CT myelography is an imaging method in which iodinated contrast injected into the spinal subarachnoid space outlines the spinal cord and nerve roots on CT, first reported in 1976.
CT myocardial perfusion imaging
CT myocardial perfusion imaging is a cardiac computed tomography technique that measures blood flow through the heart muscle during pharmacological stress to identify significant coronary stenoses.
CT perfusion imaging
CT perfusion imaging, or CT perfusion, is a computed tomography technique that maps brain blood flow with injected contrast, mainly to select stroke patients for treatment.
CT pulmonary angiogram
CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA, CT pulmonary angiography): contrast-enhanced CT timed to the pulmonary arteries, the standard test to diagnose acute pulmonary embolism; PIOPED II sensitivity 83%, specificity 96%, preferred over V/Q scanning.