Life and health

Electrochemiluminescence assay

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay is a bioanalytical method that quantifies biomolecules by generating light through electrochemical reactions at an electrode, most commonly in sandwich immunoassays using a ruthenium label.

Electrochemiluminescence imaging

Electrochemiluminescence imaging is an analytical method that records light from electrochemical reactions at an electrode with a camera, mapping target molecules across the surface with near-zero optical background.

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) is a laboratory binding assay in which an electrode triggers a ruthenium label to emit light, quantifying over 100 biomarkers in serum and blood.

Electrochemotherapy

Electrochemotherapy is a local cancer treatment that combines high-voltage electric pulses with bleomycin or cisplatin, used mainly for cutaneous tumor nodules, achieving response rates near 80%.

Electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is a surgical technique that heats tissue with high-frequency alternating current, used to coagulate blood vessels, stop bleeding, or cut tissue during endoscopic and open surgery.

Electrocochleography

Electrocochleography (ECochG) is an electrophysiological test recording electrical potentials from the cochlea and auditory nerve in response to sound, used mainly to diagnose Meniere disease.

Electroconvulsive therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizure-inducing brain stimulation treatment developed by Cerletti and Bini in Rome in 1938, used for severe depression, catatonia, and mania; effective short-term but causes memory loss.

Electrocorticography

Electrocorticography (ECoG) records brain electrical activity from electrodes on the cortical surface, used in epilepsy surgery and brain-computer interfaces; micro-ECoG arrays reach sub-millimeter resolution.

Electrode implantation

Electrode implantation is the stereotactic surgical placement of electrodes in the brain, mainly to localize seizures in epilepsy or deliver deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.

Electrodiagnosis

Electrodiagnosis (EDX medicine) evaluates nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction disorders via nerve conduction studies and needle EMG; distinct from EEG and ECG, it grew from Galvani's frog experiments and WWII nerve-injury studies.

Electroejaculation

Electroejaculation: semen collection via a rectal probe delivering low-voltage pulses to pelvic nerves; used in livestock breeding soundness exams, zoo and conservation programs, and anejaculatory men; welfare-restricted in some countries.

Electroelution

Electroelution is a bench biology method that uses an electric field to drive DNA, RNA, or proteins out of excised gel slices into solution for recovery after electrophoretic separation.

Electroencephalography

Electroencephalography (EEG) records the brain's electrical activity via scalp electrodes. Pioneered by Hans Berger in 1924, it offers millisecond temporal resolution and is the cornerstone test for diagnosing epilepsy and sleep disorders.

Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization

Electroencephalography phase synchronization (EEG phase synchrony) is the uniform alignment of oscillation phases between neuronal groups in EEG, quantified by metrics such as the phase locking value, PLI, and wPLI, and read as a sign of brain integration in learning, memory, and perception.

Electrofishing

Electrofishing is a fish sampling method that passes an electric field through water to temporarily stun fish so crews can net, identify, measure, and release them, a core tool of fisheries management.

Electrofusion

Electrofusion is a bench technique using short electric pulses to fuse adjacent cell membranes, producing hybrid cells for monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and diabetes research.

Electrogastrography

Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive method recording the stomach's electrical activity through skin electrodes on the abdomen, used to assess gastric rhythm disorders, though it has not become a routine clinical diagnostic test.

Electroglottography

Electroglottography (EGG) is a noninvasive, low-cost technique that measures changes in the contact area of the vibrating vocal folds using electrodes on the neck, used in voice clinics, phonetics, and singing pedagogy.

Electrokymography

Electrokymography: radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy to record heart-border motion, also called photokymography or roentgenkymography; developed by Henny and Boone from 1945.

Electrolyte and drug effects on the ECG

Electrolyte and drug effects on the ECG are the characteristic electrocardiogram changes caused by potassium, calcium, and magnesium disturbances and by QT-prolonging drugs like sotalol.

Electrolyte imbalance

Electrolyte imbalance: abnormal blood levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, or bicarbonate. Caused by vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, drugs, or organ disease; treated by repletion, dilution, or dialysis.

Electromagnetic articulography

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) is a biomedical technique that tracks tongue, lip, and jaw movements during speech with sensor coils, supporting phonetic research and clinical assessment.

Electromagnetic radiation and health

Electromagnetic radiation and health: how ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma) and non-ionizing radiation (radiofrequency, power fields) affect the body, dose thresholds, cancer evidence, IARC Group 2B, and ICNIRP exposure limits.

Electromechanical wave imaging

Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) is a noninvasive, non-ionizing ultrasound method using frame rates up to 2000 per second to map the heart's contraction sequence and localize arrhythmias.

Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG), an electrodiagnostic test recording muscle electrical activity at rest and during contraction, usually paired with nerve conduction studies to diagnose nerve and muscle disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and ALS.

Sep 21, 2026

Electron Kebebew

Electron Kebebew is an American endocrine surgeon and scientist, Chief of General Surgery at Stanford since 2018 and previously inaugural chief of the National Cancer Institute's endocrine oncology branch.

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI, also called EPR imaging or EPROI) is a biomedical imaging method that maps paramagnetic probes in tissue to measure oxygen and redox status.

Electron tomography

Electron tomography is a microscopy method that reconstructs 3D volumes, called tomograms, of cells, organelles, and macromolecular assemblies from tilted image series recorded with a transmission electron microscope.

Electron Transport

Electron transport (respiratory chain): the membrane process moving electrons from reduced substrates to oxygen (or other acceptors), pumping protons to power ATP synthase; central to respiration, photosynthesis, and early evolution.