Life and health

Fern spike

A fern spike is an abrupt, short-lived rise in fern spores in the fossil record, marking rapid recolonization of devastated land by ferns after a catastrophe.

Fern sporophyte

The fern sporophyte is the diploid, spore-bearing generation of the fern life cycle: the rooted, photosynthetic plant that grows from the fertilized egg on the gametophyte.

Fernando Azorín

Fernando Azorín, also published as Ferran Azorín, is a Spanish molecular biologist and Research Professor at CSIC in Barcelona, known for work on chromatin structure and genome stability.

Fernando C. Fervenza

Fernando C. Fervenza, also published as Fernando Fervenza, is a Brazilian-trained nephrologist and Mayo Clinic professor who led the MENTOR trial of rituximab for membranous nephropathy.

Fernando Cabanillas is a Puerto Rican medical oncologist specializing in lymphoma, known for developing the MIME, DHAP, and ESHAP salvage regimens and curative approaches to indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Fernando Camargo

Fernando D. Camargo is a stem cell biologist and professor at Harvard University and Boston Children's Hospital, known for Hippo pathway and blood stem cell research.

Fernando D. Martínez

Fernando D. Martínez is a Chilean-born American pediatric pulmonologist and asthma researcher at the University of Arizona, where he directs the Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center.

Fernando J. Martínez

Fernando J. Martínez is a Cuban-born pulmonary physician-scientist known for research on COPD and interstitial lung disease, and editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

Fernando Nottebohm

Fernando Nottebohm, born in Buenos Aires in 1940, is a Rockefeller University neuroscientist who mapped the songbird song system and gave the first solid evidence that adult warm-blooded brains add new neurons.

Fernando P. Polack

Fernando P. Polack is an Argentine pediatric infectious disease researcher at Vanderbilt University known for RSV research and leading the Pfizer–BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine trial in Argentina.

Fernando T. Maestre

Fernando T. Maestre, born in Sax, Spain, in 1976, is a Spanish dryland ecologist and professor at KAUST who built the first global field networks studying dryland degradation.

Fernery

Fernery: a garden, building, or glass container for growing ferns, also called a filicetum. Flourished under Victorian pteridomania (Kingsley, 1855); notable survivors include Morris Arboretum's 1899 fernery and Sydney's 1993 fernery.

Ferns and fern allies of Great Britain and Ireland

The ferns and fern allies of Great Britain and Ireland are the islands' spore-bearing vascular plants, about 72 to over 100 species including horsetails and lycophytes.

Ferns and lycophytes of the United States

The ferns and lycophytes of the United States are the country's spore-bearing vascular plants: about 513 species in 407 ferns and 106 lycophytes, richest in warm, wet regions like Texas.

Ferns in disturbance and succession

Ferns in disturbance and succession are fern species that colonize recently opened ground such as landslides, burns, and abandoned fields, dominating for years before woody plants take over.

Ferns of Brazil

Ferns of Brazil are among the world's richest fern floras, with 1,412 species by 2023, roughly a third endemic, and the Atlantic Forest the richest biome.

Ferns of California

Ferns of California is the set of ferns, horsetail allies, quillworts, and spike-mosses native to the state, tracked at 66 taxa across 12 families and 27 genera.

Ferns of Canada

Ferns of Canada covers the country's ferns and lycophytes, 114 species in 31 genera and 13 families, richest in British Columbia and thinnest in the Arctic.

Ferns of China

The ferns of China make up probably the world's richest national fern flora: over 2,100 species in 177 genera, about 39% found nowhere else, richest in Yunnan.

Ferns of Eastern and Southeastern Europe

The ferns of Eastern and Southeastern Europe cover Poland, the Carpathians, the Balkans, Romania, Ukraine, and European Russia, with national counts of 74 taxa in Russia and 66 in Poland.

Ferns of Georgia (U.S. state)

Ferns of Georgia describes the state's more than 100 fern and fern-ally species across three regions, including rare granite-outcrop spleenworts, the endemic quillwort Isoetes tegetiformans, and invasive climbing ferns.

Ferns of Hawaii

The ferns of Hawaii are the roughly 180 native fern and lycophyte taxa of the Hawaiian Islands, about 77% endemic and increasingly threatened by feral animals and invasive plants.

Ferns of Indochina

The ferns of Indochina are the ferns and lycophytes native to mainland Southeast Asia, covering Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, with Vietnam best surveyed at 1,132 species.

Ferns of Korea

The ferns of Korea are the native ferns, fern allies, and lycophytes of the Korean peninsula, with 333 fern taxa and 31 lycophytes recorded in the 2025 national checklist.

Ferns of Malesia

Ferns of Malesia describes the ferns and lycophytes of Malesia, a floristic region spanning Malaysia to Papua New Guinea with about 4,500 Southeast Asian pteridophyte species, including tree ferns and epiphytes.

Ferns of Melanesia

The ferns of Melanesia span New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, with New Guinea a tree fern hotspot holding 120 species, over two thirds endemic.

Ferns of Mexico

The ferns of Mexico, together with lycophytes, number 1,014 to 1,057 species, among the richest floras in the Americas, concentrated in humid Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Veracruz.

Ferns of Mexico and Central America

Ferns of Mexico and Central America is the rich regional fern flora spanning Mexico to Panama, holding about 1,039 species in Mexico and 1,358 in Central America.

Ferns of New Zealand

The ferns of New Zealand are a flora of about 272 fern and lycophyte species, 92 of them endemic, led by the filmy fern family Hymenophyllaceae.