72,234 articles
Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting
Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) is a microfluidic technique that sorts fluorescent water-in-oil droplets by dielectrophoresis at kilohertz rates, introduced by Jean-Christophe Baret and colleagues in 2009.
Fluorescence-based particle tracking
Fluorescence-based particle tracking, usually called fluorescent single-particle tracking (SPT), is a microscopy method that follows individual labeled molecules in living cells, yielding trajectories that reveal diffusion coefficients and molecular interactions.
Fluorescence-guided surgery
Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) is a technique in which fluorescent imaging agents given before or during surgery make tumor tissue glow, enabling real-time visualization alongside the white-light field.
Fluorescent enzyme immunoassay
A fluorescent enzyme immunoassay is an immunoassay, a variant of ELISA, in which an enzyme-labeled antibody converts a substrate into a fluorescent product for sensitive detection.
Fluorescent labelling
Fluorescent labeling attaches fluorescent dyes or proteins to biomolecules or cells so they can be visualized and quantified by fluorescence microscopy, spanning dye conjugation, labeled antibodies, and fluorescent proteins like GFP.
Fluorescent tagging
Fluorescent tagging is a bench biology method that attaches fluorescent proteins or dyes to biomolecules, letting researchers track their location and dynamics in living cells.
Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test
FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption) test: manual treponemal syphilis serology using fluorescein-labeled antibody and Reiter treponeme absorption; developed 1957–1964; CDC now prefers TPPA.
Fluoride therapy
Fluoride therapy is the use of fluoride compounds, delivered as varnishes, gels, mouthrinses, and silver diamine fluoride, to prevent dental caries and strengthen tooth enamel.
Fluoride Treatment
Fluoride treatment: professional or home application of fluoride varnish, gel, foam, mouthrinse, or toothpaste to prevent dental caries; reduces caries about 26-33% in children, varnish safest professional form.
Fluoride varnish
Fluoride varnish is a resin-based topical fluoride preparation, typically 5% sodium fluoride, painted onto teeth to prevent and slow dental caries; it is the only professional topical fluoride agent recommended for children younger than 6.
Fluoride-specific ion channel FluC
Fluoride-specific ion channel FluC (Fluc) is a membrane protein family, originally called crcB genes, that passively exports fluoride from cells in bacteria, fungi, and plants.
Fluorine deficiency
Fluorine deficiency (fluoride deficiency), ICD-11 5B5K.4: low fluoride in plaque and enamel raising dental caries risk and possibly weakening bones; classified as a deficiency though EFSA says fluoride is not an essential nutrient.
Fluorine excess
Fluorine excess (ICD-11 5B91.3) is chronic excessive fluoride intake causing dental and skeletal fluorosis, mainly from high-fluoride groundwater, fluoride-rich coal, or tea; WHO water guideline is 1.5 mg/L.
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET, or FDG PET, is a nuclear medicine scan that maps glucose metabolism using a radiolabeled glucose analog, widely used to detect, stage, and monitor cancer.
Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fluorine-19 MRI (19F MRI) detects administered fluorinated agents such as perfluorocarbon cell labels against a zero-fluorine background, enabling quantitative, background-free tracking of therapeutic and immune cells in vivo.
Fluoroacetamide
Fluoroacetamide (Compound 1081, CAS 640-19-7) is a highly toxic fluorinated amide formerly used as a rodenticide and systemic insecticide; banned in the EU, US, and under the Rotterdam Convention PIC procedure.
Fluorodifen
Fluorodifen (Preforan, Soyex; CAS 15457-05-3) is an obsolete diphenyl ether herbicide first reported in 1968 by Ciba-Geigy, a PPO inhibitor used pre- and post-emergence in soybeans, cotton, rice, and peanuts; not approved in the EU or UK.
Fluorogenic tetrazine probes
Fluorogenic tetrazine probes are bioorthogonal labeling reagents in which a tetrazine quenches an attached fluorophore until it reacts with a dienophile, restoring fluorescence for no-wash live-cell and in vivo imaging.
Fluoroglycofen
Fluoroglycofen, used as fluoroglycofen-ethyl, is a diphenyl ether PPO-inhibiting post-emergence herbicide for cereals, rice, and soyabeans; not approved in the EU under Regulation 1107/2009.
Fluoroimmunoassay
A fluoroimmunoassay (FIA) is an immunoassay method that uses a fluorescent label instead of a radioactive one to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in biological samples.
Fluorometholone
Fluorometholone (FML, Flarex) is a synthetic topical glucocorticoid, C22H29FO4, first approved 1972, used as 0.1% eye drops for steroid-responsive ocular inflammation, with lower intraocular pressure-raising risk than dexamethasone or prednisolone.
Fluorophore
Fluorophore: a molecular entity, often organic, that emits fluorescence after absorbing light at a shorter excitation wavelength. Families include organic dyes (FITC, Alexa Fluor), fluorescent proteins (GFP), and quantum dots; used in microscopy, flow cytometry, and FRET.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter: C. jejuni and C. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin, arising via gyrA point mutations, spread from poultry to humans, now at 70–85% in EU surveillance.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Escherichia coli
Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli: E. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin via gyrA/parC mutations, AcrAB-TolC efflux, and plasmid-mediated qnr genes; about 39% resistant in US hospitals in 2024.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Fluoroquinolone resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: strains of the nosocomial pathogen resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin via gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux, and qnr plasmid-mediated resistance; resistance rose from 12.9% to 35.6% (1991–2005).
Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Fluoroquinolone resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (QRNG): gonococcal strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin via gyrA and parC mutations; CDC ended fluoroquinolone gonorrhea treatment in 2007.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella
Fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella: Salmonella strains resistant to ciprofloxacin-class antibiotics, driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux pumps, and plasmid-mediated qnr genes; WHO high-priority pathogen since 2017, ICD-11 MG50.90.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Shigella
Fluoroquinolone resistant Shigella: ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella strains driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations and qnr plasmid genes; WHO high-priority pathogen, rising from 0.6% to 29% in Asia and Africa, now part of XDR shigellosis clusters.
Fluoroquinolone resistant Vibrio
Fluoroquinolone resistant Vibrio (ICD-11 MG50.B0) denotes Vibrio strains resistant to fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, driven by gyrA/parC QRDR mutations, efflux, and PMQR genes; prevalence varies by species, from near zero in O1/O139 V. cholerae environmental isolates to high quinolone resistance in Asian clinical cholera surveillance.
Fluorouracil
Fluorouracil (5-FU, 5-fluorouracil) is a fluorinated uracil antimetabolite chemotherapy drug discovered in 1957 by Charles Heidelberger, FDA-approved in 1962, and still the cornerstone of colorectal cancer treatment via thymidylate synthase inhibition.