72,234 articles
Flutolanil
Flutolanil (Moncut, NNF-136) is a systemic SDHI fungicide developed by Nihon Nohyaku, registered in Japan in 1985, targeting Rhizoctonia solani in rice, peanuts, potatoes, and turf via mitochondrial Complex II inhibition.
Flutriafol
Flutriafol is a systemic triazole fungicide, introduced by ICI in 1983, that inhibits fungal sterol biosynthesis and controls cereal leaf diseases and embryo-borne bunts and smuts in crops like corn.
Flutrimazole
Flutrimazole (Micetal) is a topical imidazole antifungal, C22H16F2N2, ATC D01AC16, inhibiting lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase; used as 1% cream, gel, powder, or solution against dermatophytes, Candida, and other fungi.
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine (Luvox) is an SSRI antidepressant approved in the US in 1994 for obsessive-compulsive disorder and used for social anxiety disorder; a strong CYP1A2 inhibitor whose 2021 COVID-19 emergency use authorization request was declined by the FDA.
Flux (metabolism)
Metabolic flux is the rate molecules pass through a biochemical pathway, measured by isotope tracing and 13C-MFA, quantified via stoichiometric models, and controlled per metabolic control analysis flux control coefficients.
Flux balance analysis
Flux balance analysis (FBA) is an optimization method using linear programming on genome-scale metabolic networks to predict reaction fluxes, growth rates, and knockout phenotypes without kinetic parameters.
Fluxapyroxad
Fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 F) is a BASF pyrazole-carboxamide SDHI fungicide, FRAC group 7, approved in the EU on 1 January 2013 and in the US in 2012, with EU approval extended to 31 October 2027.
Fluzone
Fluzone (Influenza Virus Vaccine) is Sanofi's egg-based inactivated flu vaccine line, US-approved since 1980; standard dose 15 µg HA per strain for ages 6 months+, Fluzone High-Dose 60 µg for 65+.
Fluzoparib
Fluzoparib, renamed fuzuloparib (AiRuiYi, SHR-3162), is an oral PARP1/2 inhibitor by Jiangsu Hengrui, approved in China in 2020 for BRCA-mutated recurrent ovarian cancer and studied in breast cancer.
Fly
Fly (Diptera): true flies, gnats, midges, and mosquitoes; insects with one pair of wings and halteres. About 150,000 described species in 150 families, major disease vectors and pollinators.
Fly fishing
Fly fishing: an angling method where the weighted fly line, not the lure, casts a light artificial fly. Earliest record A.D. 200 (Aelian, Macedonia); 7.9 million U.S. participants in 2025.
Fly-killing device
Fly-killing device: instruments such as UV light traps, electrocuting grid zappers, and glue-board traps that kill or capture house flies and stable flies; EPA-regulated devices with measured capture rates.
Flying and gliding animals
Flying and gliding animals: powered flight evolved independently four times (insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats), while unpowered gliding arose many more times; key facts on wings, lift, size limits, and costs.
Flying fish
Flying fish (Exocoetidae), about 50 Beloniformes species, glide over the sea on wing-like pectoral fins to escape predators; studied aerodynamically, first molecular phylogeny 2011, managed Caribbean fishery.
Flying squirrel
Flying squirrels (tribe Pteromyini, family Sciuridae) are 48 gliding rodent species of Asia, Europe, and North America that glide on a patagium skin membrane, not powered flight, with glide ratios around 1.5 to 3.3.
Flynn-Aird syndrome
Flynn-Aird syndrome (OMIM 136300, ORPHA:2047) is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant neuroectodermal disorder with childhood-onset deafness, retinitis pigmentosa, myopia, cataracts, dementia, ataxia, skin atrophy, and bone cysts, described in one family since 1965.
FMN-binding
FMN-binding is the association of proteins, or of regulatory RNA such as the FMN riboswitch, with flavin mononucleotide (FMN), the phosphorylated form of riboflavin serving as a redox cofactor in electron transfer.
FMR1
FMR1 (fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) is an X-linked gene encoding FMRP, an RNA-binding translational regulator. CGG repeat expansion causes fragile X syndrome, FXTAS, and FXPOI; gene identified 1991.
FMRFamide-related peptide-like
FMRFamide-related peptide-like, also written FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP), is a family of neuropeptides sharing a C-terminal RFamide motif, first identified in a clam in 1977 and found across nearly all animal phyla.
FNDC5
FNDC5, also known as FRCP2, is a human gene on chromosome 1 that encodes the precursor of irisin, a hormone proposed to be released by exercise.
Foal
Foal: the young of a horse or other equine, from birth to weaning and under one year old (colt if male, filly if female; yearling after age one). Key facts: newborn milestones, colostrum and passive immunity, weaning practice.
Foam cell
Foam cell: lipid-vacuole-filled macrophage or arterial smooth muscle cell, hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques; forms via scavenger receptor uptake of modified LDL with impaired ABCA1/ABCG1 efflux; SMCs supply roughly half of foam cells.
Foam sclerotherapy
Foam sclerotherapy is a treatment in which a sclerosant solution is whipped into foam and injected into incompetent veins, most often varicose veins, to close them.
Foamy virus
Foamy viruses (spumaretroviruses, Spumaretrovirinae) are non-pathogenic complex retroviruses of primates, cats, horses, cattle, and bats, with DNA-containing virions from late reverse transcription; prototype foamy virus (PFV) and simian foamy virus zoonoses distinguish them from other retroviruses.
Focal ablation
Focal ablation is an image-guided treatment that destroys a localized lesion, usually a tumor, by delivering heat, cold, radiation, ultrasound, or chemicals while leaving surrounding tissue intact.
Focal acral hyperkeratosis
Focal acral hyperkeratosis (FAH), also called punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 3 without elastoidosis, is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis of keratotic papules on palmoplantar margins, distinguished from acrokeratoelastoidosis by absent elastorrhexis on biopsy.
Focal aware seizure
Focal aware seizure (ICD-11 8A68.3), formerly simple partial seizure: a focal onset epileptic seizure with retained awareness of self and environment; 2025 ILAE revision renames it focal seizure with consciousness preserved.
Focal brain contusion
Focal brain contusion (ICD-11 NA07.4C) is a localized bruise of cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter after head trauma; it progresses in 40–50% of cases within 24 hours and is monitored by CT and MRI.
Focal brain injury
Focal brain injury (ICD-11 NA07.4) is traumatic brain damage confined to one region, usually from a direct blow or penetration: contusions, lacerations, and extradural, subdural, or intracerebral hematomas, versus diffuse injury such as diffuse axonal injury.
Focal dermal hypoplasia
Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome, Goltz-Gorlin syndrome) is a rare X-linked dominant PORCN-related multisystem disorder affecting skin, limbs, eyes, and face, seen almost exclusively in females, with about 300 reported cases.