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Folinic acid-responsive seizures
Folinic acid-responsive seizures (FARS), also called folinic acid responsive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, is a rare neonatal epileptic encephalopathy with myoclonic and clonic seizures with apnea, responding to folinic acid; genetically identical to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (ALDH7A1) or caused by FOLR1 folate transport defects.
Folioceros
Folioceros, also written Folioceros D.C.Bharadwaj, is a genus of hornworts in Anthocerotaceae established in 1971, with about 17 Asian tropical species, pinnate thalli, dark elongated pseudoelaters, and a clade shared with Anthoceros.
Foliose lichen
Foliose lichen: leaf-like lichen growth form with flat lobes, distinct upper and lower surfaces, rhizine attachment, 0.5–4 mm/yr radial growth; distinct from crustose and fruticose forms; used in air-quality bioindication.
Folitixorin
Folitixorin (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate; CoFactor, ANX-510) is a folate-based biomodulator, INN 8881, UNII 0SXY5ET48B, that stabilizes FdUMP binding to thymidylate synthase to potentiate 5-fluorouracil; its [6R] isomer arfolitixorin failed superiority over leucovorin in the phase III AGENT trial.
Folk museum herbarium
Folk museum herbarium (FKE): a herbarium registered under the Index Herbariorum code FKE, listed as "Folk Museum" in the NCBI institution codes; a preserved-specimen plant collection identified by that code.
Folke Henschen
Folke Henschen (1881–1977) was a Swedish pathologist and anatomist, professor of pathological anatomy at the Karolinska Institutet from 1920 to 1946, who described Morgagni's syndrome and initiated Swedish geriatrics research.
Folke K. Skoog
Folke K. Skoog was a Swedish-born American plant physiologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison known for discovering kinetin and creating the Murashige and Skoog tissue culture medium.
Folke Sjöqvist
Folke Sjöqvist (1933–2020) was a Swedish clinical pharmacologist who became Sweden's first professor of clinical pharmacology and pioneered pharmacogenetics, showing genetic causes of 30-fold differences in antidepressant drug levels.
Folkeslunda Limestone
Folkeslunda Limestone: Middle Ordovician (late Darriwilian, Lasnamägian, ca. 463.5–460.9 Ma) grey calcarenitic limestone unit in Sweden, uppermost unit of the traditional Orthoceras Limestone, spanning the Pygodus serra conodont Zone.
Follicle stimulating hormone receptor
FSHR (follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, follitropin receptor) is a class A GPCR on chromosome 2, expressed in granulosa and Sertoli cells, mediating FSH signaling; mutations cause amenorrhea, POF, infertility, or OHSS.
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) is an anterior pituitary glycoprotein gonadotropin with common alpha and unique beta subunits; it drives ovarian follicle growth via granulosa-cell FSHR and Sertoli-cell support of spermatogenesis, and is used in fertility treatment.
Follicular B cell
Follicular B cell (Fo B cell, B-2 cell): a resting recirculating mature B cell (IgM+, IgD+, CD23+, CD21+) of spleen and lymph node follicles; bulk of the peripheral B cell pool, driven by BCR and BAFF signaling, source of germinal center and plasma cell responses.
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), a malignant follicular-cell thyroid tumor, second most common thyroid cancer after papillary; diagnosis requires capsular or vascular invasion, treated with lobectomy or total thyroidectomy plus radioactive iodine.
Follicular conjunctivitis
Follicular conjunctivitis, ICD-11 9A60.1, is conjunctival inflammation with lymphoid follicles, usually viral (adenovirus) or chlamydial, sometimes toxic from eye drops; follicles distinguish it from papillary bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis.
Follicular cyst of ovary
Follicular cyst of ovary (cyst of graafian follicle, ICD-11 GA18.0): a non-neoplastic fluid-filled ovarian sac lined by granulosa cells, formed when a follicle fails to ovulate; usually asymptomatic, resolves in 8-12 weeks, and oral contraceptives do not hasten resolution.
Follicular dendritic cell
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are stromal, non-hematopoietic cells in B cell follicles that trap native antigen as immune complexes, drive germinal center reactions and antibody affinity maturation, and serve as an HIV reservoir.
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), formerly follicular dendritic cell tumor, is a rare mesenchymal-derived sarcoma of B-follicle stromal cells, mostly extranodal (79.4%), treated by complete surgical excision, with local recurrence in 28% and metastasis in 27%.
Follicular epithelial cell
Follicular epithelial cell (Cell Ontology CL:0000500): an epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte; in mammals the granulosa cells of the membrana granulosa, in insects the egg-chamber follicle cells.
Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with nodular growth, t(14;18) IGH::BCL2 in 85% of cases, median survival near 20 years, and risk of DLBCL transformation.
Follicular lymphoma grade 1
Follicular lymphoma grade 1 (ICD-O-3 9695/3, ICD-11 2A80.0) is the lowest-grade, indolent follicle center B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, defined by 0–5 centroblasts per high-power field, t(14;18) in up to 90% of grades 1–2, and treatment as indolent disease.
Follicular lymphoma grade 2
Follicular lymphoma grade 2 (ICD-11 2A80.1) is an indolent germinal-center B-cell lymphoma with 6-15 centroblasts per high-power field, grouped with grade 1 as grade 1-2 FL and optional in WHO-HAEM5.
Follicular lymphoma grade 3
Follicular lymphoma grade 3 (FL3, grades 3A and 3B) is an aggressive subtype of follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with over 15 centroblasts per high-power field; grade 3B is treated like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma in situ
Follicular lymphoma in situ, now in situ follicular B-cell neoplasm (ISFN), is an incidental t(14;18)-positive BCL2/CD10-strong colonization of germinal centers in reactive nodes, with low progression risk (about 5%).
Follicular phase
Follicular phase: first phase of the menstrual cycle, from the first day of menstruation to ovulation, when FSH matures ovarian follicles and one dominant follicle releases an egg; typically 10-17 days and the main source of cycle length variability.
Follicular unit extraction
Follicular unit extraction (FUE) is a hair transplantation technique that harvests intact follicular units through small punch incisions, avoiding the linear donor scar left by strip harvesting.
Folliculin
Folliculin (FLCN), tumor suppressor protein of 579 amino acids encoded by FLCN on 17p11.2; GAP for RagC/D GTPases with FNIP1/FNIP2 and AMPK; germline mutations cause Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.
Folliculitis
Folliculitis is inflammation of hair follicles from infection (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas), Malassezia yeast, irritation, or drugs, causing itchy or painful pustules; treatment depends on cause, with weak antibiotic trial evidence.
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (follicular, pilotropic MF) is a WHO-EORTC-recognized variant of mycosis fungoides in which T cells infiltrate hair follicles, sparing the epidermis, favoring head and neck, with follicular mucinosis, eyebrow plaques, alopecia, and stage-dependent survival.
Follistatin-like, N-terminal
Follistatin-like, N-terminal (FOLN, Pfam PF09289, InterPro IPR003645) is an EGF-like cysteine-rich domain found in follistatin and osteonectin; in follistatin it carries essential activin-binding determinants.
Follitropin alfa
Follitropin alfa, marketed as GONAL-f, is a recombinant form of human follicle-stimulating hormone used to stimulate ovarian follicle growth in fertility treatment and sperm production in men.