72,234 articles
Follitropin beta
Follitropin beta (Puregon, Follistim AQ) is a recombinant human FSH made in CHO cells from a single vector, EU-licensed 1996, used for ovulation induction, IVF stimulation, and spermatogenesis induction.
Folpet
Folpet (CAS 133-07-3), N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide, is a broad-spectrum non-systemic phthalimide fungicide for grapes, pome and stone fruit, and vegetables; EU approval renewed 2024, ADI 0.1 mg/kg bw/day.
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, eukaryota
Folylpolyglutamate synthase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17), the eukaryotic ATP-dependent enzyme that adds γ-linked L-glutamate residues to tetrahydrofolate and antifolates such as methotrexate, retaining folates in cytosolic and mitochondrial pools; loss causes antifolate resistance.
Folylpolyglutamate synthetase
Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17) is an ATP-dependent ligase adding glutamate residues to folates and antifolates, retaining them in cells; cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms determine folate homeostasis and methotrexate resistance.
Fomesafen
Fomesafen (fomesafen sodium, CAS 72178-02-0) is a diphenylether, PPO-inhibiting (Group 14) selective herbicide registered by EPA since 1987, sold as Reflex and Flexstar, used against broadleaf weeds in soybeans, with known waterhemp and Palmer amaranth resistance and groundwater leaching potential.
Fomite
Fomite (plural fomites, singular fomes): an inanimate object or surface, such as a doorknob or stethoscope, contaminated with microorganisms that transmits infection via indirect contact; importance varies by pathogen.
Fomivirsen
Fomivirsen (Vitravene), the first FDA-approved antisense drug (1998), a 21-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide targeting CMV IE2 mRNA, given intravitreally for CMV retinitis in AIDS; withdrawn in Europe 2002 and the US 2006.
Fonadelpar
Fonadelpar (NPS-005, SJP-0035) is an investigational Senju Pharmaceutical small-molecule PPARδ agonist, phase 3 as 0.001% eye drops for dry eye disease (DELTA-1, NCT03527212); not approved, also trialed in conduct disorder.
Fondaparinux
Fondaparinux (Arixtra), first synthetic anticoagulant launched 2004, is a pentasaccharide factor Xa inhibitor given subcutaneously; OASIS-5 showed bleeding reduction versus enoxaparin, but it is contraindicated in severe renal impairment and not used alone for PCI.
Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, or Policlinico di Milano, a Milan hospital founded by Duke Francesco Sforza in 1456; Italy's top-ranked public research hospital, IRCCS since 1981.
Fonofos
Fonofos (Dyfonate), CAS 944-22-9, is an organophosphate soil insecticide introduced by Stauffer Chemical in 1967, used mainly on corn, cancelled in the US effective November 2, 1998, acting by acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Fontaine progeroid syndrome
Fontaine progeroid syndrome (FPS, OMIM 612289), formerly Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss and Fontaine-Farriaux syndromes, is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant progeroid disorder caused by de novo SLC25A24 codon 217 variants, with 13 molecularly confirmed cases worldwide.
Fontan procedure
Fontan procedure: final palliative operation for single-ventricle congenital heart disease, connecting systemic venous return directly to the pulmonary arteries; staged after Norwood and Glenn, with venous hypertension and late liver, lymphatic, and thrombotic complications.
Fontan-associated liver disease
Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD), congestive hepatopathy after the Fontan operation for single ventricle heart disease; universal fibrosis, cirrhosis in about 21%, HCC risk, biopsy-based staging.
Fontanelle
Fontanelles (soft spots, fonticuli cranii) are the six membrane-covered gaps between skull bones in fetuses and infants, closing after birth; the anterior fontanelle closes around 4 to 26 months and signals raised pressure or dehydration when bulging or sunken.
Fonterra
Fonterra Co-operative Group, New Zealand's farmer-owned dairy cooperative formed in 2001 under DIRA, collects about 80% of NZ milk, exports 95% of it, sets the regulated farmgate milk price, and sold its Mainland consumer brands to Lactalis for $3.845 billion in 2026.
Foo Y. Liew
Foo Y. Liew, known as Eddy Liew, is an immunologist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Glasgow who showed that nitric oxide kills engulfed pathogens.
Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support and energy. Covers nutrition and WHO dietary guidance, food history, global hunger (645 million undernourished in 2025), food security monitoring, and the environmental impact of diets.
Food allergy
Food allergy: immune-based adverse reaction to food, IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated, affecting ~33 million Americans. Diagnosed by oral food challenge; prevented by early allergen introduction; treated with epinephrine, OIT, omalizumab.
Food and drink prohibitions
Food and drink prohibitions, or food taboos, are religious or cultural bans on specified foods, such as pork in Judaism and Islam, beef in Hinduism, and alcohol in Islam, with documented nutritional effects.
Food and Nutrition Service
Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), now the Food and Nutrition Administration (FNA), is the USDA agency, established August 8, 1969, administering 15 federal nutrition assistance programs including SNAP, WIC, and school meals.
Food chain
Food chain: a linear sequence of who eats whom, tracing energy flow from producers through consumers to top predators. Also trophic chain. Key facts: roughly 10% energy transfer per level, chains of 3-6 trophic levels, biomagnification of contaminants.
Food effect study
A food effect study is a clinical pharmacology study measuring how food changes an oral drug's absorption and exposure, comparing fed and fasted dosing to support labeling.
Food energy
Food energy is metabolizable energy from food, measured in kcal or kJ and usually calculated with Atwater factors (4/9/4 kcal per g protein/carbohydrate/fat), which overestimate energy from intact plant foods like almonds.
Food fortification
Food fortification, also known as food enrichment or nutrification, is the deliberate addition of vitamins and minerals to foods, notably iodized salt since 1924, to improve public health.
Food frequency questionnaire
A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is a dietary survey asking how often, and in what portions, people ate listed foods over about a year, typically taking 10–20 minutes.
Food group
Food group: a category of foods with similar nutritional roles used in dietary guidance. U.S. history runs from the 1916 five-group guide through Basic Seven, Basic Four, the Food Guide Pyramid, MyPyramid, MyPlate, and the 2025-2030 inverted pyramid.
Food hygiene
Food hygiene: all conditions and measures ensuring food safety and suitability across the food chain, per Codex. Covers HACCP controls, contamination prevention, the 1963 Codex Alimentarius, and WHO's estimate of 866 million annual foodborne illness cases.
Food impaction
Food impaction: forcible wedging of food between adjacent teeth during chewing (ICD-11 DA0E.4), also esophageal food bolus impaction. Vertical vs horizontal types, proximal contact loss as leading cause, endoscopic retrieval for esophageal cases.
Food insecurity screening
Food insecurity screening is the practice of asking patients validated questions to identify households lacking reliable access to enough food, most often in primary care, pediatric, and emergency settings.