72,234 articles
Foraminifera in sea-level and coastal reconstruction
Foraminifera in sea-level and coastal reconstruction is the use of salt-marsh foraminifera, whose species occupy narrow tidal elevations, to reconstruct past sea levels from dated cores.
Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and zonation
Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and zonation is the dating and correlation of sedimentary rocks using the stratigraphic ranges of foraminifera, whose planktonic zones average about one million years each.
Foraminiferal databases and curated collections
Foraminiferal databases and curated collections are the taxonomic registries, isotope compilations, occurrence databases, and museum collections that make foraminiferal research reproducible, covering roughly 48,000 accepted species.
Foraminiferal isotope and trace-element proxies
Foraminiferal isotope and trace-element proxies are chemical measurements on foraminiferal shells, such as δ18O, Mg/Ca, and δ11B, used to reconstruct past ocean temperature, salinity, ice volume, and seawater pH.
Foraminiferal sample preparation and picking methods
Foraminiferal sample preparation is the laboratory workflow that turns raw sediment into counted, identified, and mounted foraminifera assemblages, through sieving, picking under a stereomicroscope, and imaging.
Foraminiferal sediments
Foraminiferal sediments are marine sediments and rocks composed mainly of foraminifera shells, accumulating as deep-sea ooze above the calcite compensation depth at a few centimeters per thousand years.
Foraminoplasty
Foraminoplasty is a surgical procedure that enlarges the intervertebral foramen by undercutting the superior articular process and ablating the foraminal ligament, a key step in the TESSYS technique.
Foraminotomy
Foraminotomy is a spinal decompression procedure that enlarges the neural foramen, the opening where a nerve root exits the spine, to relieve compression causing radiating pain, numbness, or weakness.
Foramsulfuron
Foramsulfuron (CAS 173159-57-4), a sulfonylurea ALS-inhibiting herbicide used post-emergence in corn and turf; EU-approved 2020-2035, low mammalian toxicity, highly mobile in soil.
Force-feeding
Force-feeding is non-consensual feeding of hunger-striking prisoners, usually by nasogastric tube. Used since the 1909 suffragette strikes; condemned by the WMA Malta Declaration but upheld by US courts and conditionally allowed in Europe.
Forced Expiratory Flow Rates
Forced expiratory flow rates (FEF25-75%, FEF75%, PEF, MMEF) are spirometric flow measurements from the forced expiratory maneuver; once promoted for small airways disease, they are now not recommended for routine clinical use.
Forced Expiratory Volume
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1, VEMS): volume of air forcibly exhaled in one second after full inspiration, measured by spirometry; core index for diagnosing and grading obstructive lung disease, defined by Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947.
Forced swim test
The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral assay in which immobility in inescapable water is scored as depression-like behavior, serving mainly as a rapid screen for candidate antidepressants.
Forceps biopsy
Forceps biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which cupped forceps passed through an endoscope cut small tissue samples from the gastrointestinal or biliary mucosa for examination.
Forceps delivery
A forceps delivery is an operative vaginal birth in which paired metal blades applied to the fetal head assist delivery, one of two main instrumental methods alongside vacuum extraction.
Forchlorfenuron
Forchlorfenuron (CPPU, KT-30), a synthetic cytokinin phenylurea plant growth regulator (CAS 68157-60-8), promotes cell division and enlarges kiwifruit, grape, and other fruit; EU-approved to 2033.
Ford N-series tractor
Ford N-series tractor: Ford-Ferguson 9N, 2N, and 8N farm tractors, 1939–1952, built around the Ferguson three-point hitch. 119.7 cu in four-cylinder gasoline engines, transmission-driven non-live PTO, 8N four-speed.
Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots (Fordyce granules) are benign ectopic sebaceous glands without hair follicles on oral and genital mucosa, seen in 50-80% of adults, visible from puberty, not an STI, treatable cosmetically by electrosurgery or CO2 laser.
Forearm
The forearm, or zygopodium, is the segment of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist, containing the radius and ulna, which allow the hand to turn palm up or palm down.
Foregut
Foregut: the anterior-most region of the embryonic gut tube, giving rise to the pharynx, esophagus, trachea, lungs, stomach, liver, pancreas, thyroid, and upper duodenum; forms by anterior intestinal portal folding and is patterned by Sox2/Nkx2-1.
Foreign accent syndrome
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is a rare motor speech disorder in which stroke, brain injury, or other neurological damage makes a person's native speech sound foreign; first described by Pierre Marie in 1907, named by Whitaker in 1982.
Foreign animal disease
Foreign animal disease (FAD): an animal disease absent from a country, including new strains, e.g. African swine fever, FMD, HPAI, screwworm. Governed by WOAH standards under the WTO SPS Agreement; in the US managed through APHIS FAD PReP.
Foreign body granuloma of skin
Foreign body granuloma of skin (foreign body reaction, ICD-10 L92.3) is a chronic macrophage and giant-cell reaction to indigestible material such as tattoos, cosmetic fillers, sutures, silica, or splinters, presenting as red-brown nodules and treated by excision, lasers, or steroid injection.
Foreign body in alimentary tract
Foreign body in alimentary tract: swallowed nonfood objects or food bolus impactions lodged in the GI tract, also called ingested foreign bodies. 80-90% pass spontaneously; button batteries, magnets, and sharp objects need emergent endoscopy.
Foreign body in bladder
Foreign body in bladder (intravesical foreign body, ICD-11 ND74.1): an object in the urinary bladder entered via the urethra, migration, iatrogenic injury, or trauma; presents with hematuria, dysuria, frequency; removed cystoscopically.
Foreign body in bronchus
A foreign body in bronchus is an aspirated object lodged in a bronchial airway, a potentially life-threatening condition that usually requires bronchoscopic removal and most often affects children under 3.
Foreign body in colon
Foreign body in colon (ICD-11 ND73.4): an object in the large intestine, swallowed or inserted. Mostly men (37:1), household objects 42.2%, rising US incidence, managed by observation, endoscopy, or stepwise surgery.
Foreign body in conjunctival sac
Foreign body in conjunctival sac (ICD-10 T15.1, ICD-11 ND70.1): external material such as dust, metal, or glass lodged in the conjunctival sac between eyeball and eyelids; removed by irrigation or moist cotton applicator after anesthetic.
Foreign body in ear
Foreign body in ear (ICD-11 ND71): an object lodged in the external auditory canal, common in children (beads, food, toys) and adults (insects, hearing aid parts). Button batteries are urgent; removal uses irrigation, suction, or instruments.
Foreign body in genitourinary tract
Foreign body in genitourinary tract (ICD-11 ND74): object in urethra, bladder, vagina, or uterus, usually self-inserted for autoerotic reasons; causes dysuria, hematuria, infection; removed endoscopically or by open surgery.