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Foreign body in larynx
Foreign body in larynx (ICD-11 ND72.3): an inhaled object lodged in the larynx, presenting with stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress; most aspirated objects lodge lower, in the bronchi.
Foreign body in mouth
Foreign body in mouth (ICD-11 ND73.0): a retained object such as a fish bone, coin, or dental instrument in the oral cavity. Most ingested objects pass spontaneously in 3 to 7 days; batteries, magnets, and sharp objects need urgent removal.
Foreign body in nasal sinus
Foreign body in nasal sinus (ICD-10 T17.0, ICD-11 ND72.0): an object, usually a tooth root or dental implant displaced during dental treatment, lodged in a paranasal sinus, most often the maxillary sinus; removed surgically, increasingly by endoscopic sinus surgery.
Foreign body in oesophagus
A foreign body in the esophagus is an ingested object or food bolus lodged in the esophagus, which is the most common site of impaction in the gastrointestinal tract.
Foreign body in pharynx
Foreign body in pharynx (ICD-10-CM T17.2; ICD-11 ND72.2): an object, food bolus, or mucus lodged in the throat. Fish bones and food boluses are typical; clinical exam and indirect laryngoscopy outperform routine radiography; endoscopy removes most retained bodies.
Foreign body in respiratory tract
Foreign body in respiratory tract (ICD-11 ND72): an inhaled object lodged in nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, or bronchi. Mostly children under 3; peanuts and food most common; treated by back slaps, abdominal thrusts, and bronchoscopic removal.
Foreign body in small intestine
Foreign body in small intestine (ICD-11 ND73.3): impaction or retention of a swallowed object, phytobezoar, or trichobezoar in the small bowel; 80-90% pass spontaneously, complications include obstruction, perforation, and sepsis.
Foreign body in stomach
Foreign body in stomach (ICD-11 ND73.2): retention of a swallowed nonfood object in the stomach. Most pass in 4-6 days; sharp objects, magnets, batteries, and objects >2.5 cm or >6 cm need endoscopic removal.
Foreign body in trachea
Foreign body in trachea (ICD-11 ND72.4): an object inhaled into the windpipe. Also called tracheal foreign body aspiration. Cough is universal; nuts predominate in children; rigid bronchoscopy is the treatment of choice.
Foreign body in urethra
Foreign body in urethra (ICD-11 ND74.0, ICD-10 T19.0): an object lodged in the urethra, usually self-inserted by men for autoerotic or psychiatric reasons. Managed by manual, endoscopic, or open removal; strictures and infection are key complications.
Foreign body on external eye
Foreign body on external eye (ICD-11 ND70): superficially adherent or embedded objects on the cornea or conjunctival sac, causing pain, tearing, and photophobia; managed by irrigation, swab, spud, or needle removal, antibiotics, and no patching.
Forensic autopsy
A forensic autopsy is a postmortem medical examination performed under legal authority, by a forensic pathologist, to determine the cause and manner of death, retrieve evidence, and identify the deceased.
Forensic entomology
Forensic entomology applies insect and arthropod biology to legal investigations, chiefly estimating minimum postmortem interval via blowfly development and succession; subfields include urban, stored-product, and medicolegal entomology, plus entomotoxicology.
Forensic Imaging
Forensic imaging is the use of medical imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and radiography for legal and forensic medicine purposes, in the living and the dead.
Forensic pathology
Forensic pathology: medical specialty applying pathology to legal questions via medicolegal autopsies certifying cause and manner of death; also called legal medicine; faces critical US and UK workforce shortages.
Forensic psychiatry
Forensic psychiatry: medical subspecialty applying psychiatric expertise to legal questions (competency, criminal responsibility, risk). Key figures Isaac Ray, Alan Stone; defined by AAPL 2005; marked by dual clinical-forensic roles and bias concerns.
Forensic toxicology
Forensic toxicology applies toxicology to legal questions, identifying and quantitating drugs and poisons in biological specimens for suspicious deaths, drug-facilitated crimes, and impaired driving cases.
Forequarter amputation
Forequarter amputation, also called interscapulothoracic amputation, is the surgical removal of the entire upper limb with the scapula and clavicle, now used mainly for malignant tumors.
Foreskin
Foreskin (prepuce): the moveable fold of skin and mucosa covering the penis glans and meatus; non-retractable in infancy, retractable in 99% of boys by 17; distinct from phimosis and removed by circumcision.
Foreskin fibroblast
Foreskin fibroblast, also called human foreskin fibroblast (HFF, FSK) or the BJ line ATCC CRL-2522: primary dermal fibroblasts from neonatal foreskin, used in toxicology, aging, and tissue engineering research; BJ-5ta is the hTERT-immortalized derivative.
Foreskin restoration
Foreskin restoration, also called uncircumcision or decircumcision, recreates glans coverage after circumcision via nonsurgical tissue expansion or surgical skin grafts; described by Celsus in the 1st century CE, it takes years nonsurgically and lacks FDA-approved devices.
Forest
Forest: land with trees, FAO-defined as over 0.5 ha with more than 10 percent canopy cover and trees able to reach 5 m. Covers 4.14 billion hectares, about 32 percent of land, and holds most terrestrial carbon.
Forest bathing
Forest bathing, or shinrin-yoku, is a Japanese preventive practice, coined in 1982, of spending unhurried sensory time in forests to reduce stress and improve well-being.
Forest Conservation Act, 1980
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, also known as Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, is an Indian central statute that requires Central Government approval before non-forest land use.
Forest ecology
Forest ecology examines how wooded ecosystems function across temperate, boreal, and tropical forests, studying interacting species, disturbance and succession, nutrient cycling, and conservation, and underpinning sustainable forest management.
Forest ecosystem
A forest ecosystem is an ecological system whose dominant element is trees, functioning through energy flow and the cycling of nutrients between organisms, soil, water, and atmosphere.
Forest inventory
Forest inventory is a field sampling method that estimates tree species composition, size, growing-stock volume, and biomass across a forest area from measurements on a subset of trees.
Forest management
Forest management is the planning and implementation of practices to care for and use forests, balancing environmental, economic, social, and cultural objectives for both natural and planted forests.
Forest pest
A forest pest is any living organism capable of damaging trees, plants, or forest products, spanning insects, fungi, viruses, weeds, mammals, and parasitic plants like mistletoe.
Forest policy
Forest policy: goals, laws, institutions and instruments governing forest management and conservation. Includes FAO policy frameworks, governance pillars, OECD instrument effectiveness, and the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).