72,234 articles
Food Preferences
Food preferences: stable liking and wanting toward specific foods, rooted in innate sweet/salt preference, bitter rejection, and neophobia, shaped by early learning, measured with tools like the 36-item Food Choice Questionnaire across 40+ countries.
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), a non-IgE-mediated food allergy of infants causing delayed vomiting and diarrhea, diagnosed clinically or by oral food challenge, resolving in 85% by age 5.
Food pyramid (nutrition)
Food pyramid (nutrition): triangular food-guide graphic, first devised in Sweden 1974, best known as the USDA Food Guide Pyramid (1992, 6-11 grain servings), replaced by MyPyramid 2005 and MyPlate 2011, revived inverted in the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines.
Food stamp challenge
Food stamp challenge (SNAP challenge): week-long exercise living on the average SNAP benefit, from the 2007 $21/week congressional challenge to Gwyneth Paltrow's $29 week; used to debate benefit adequacy.
Food web
Food web: the network of trophic connections showing who feeds on whom in an ecological community; also called a food cycle. Key facts: ~10% energy transfer per trophic level, average connectance about 0.11, and the May complexity-stability debate.
Food web model
A food web model represents feeding interactions among a community's species as a network of nodes and links, used to analyze energy fluxes, trophic structure, and ecosystem dynamics.
Food4Me trial
Food4Me trial: six-month web-based randomized controlled trial of personalized nutrition in seven European countries (1,607 adults, NCT01530139), part of the EU FP7 Food4Me project (2011-2015). Personalized advice improved diets versus conventional advice, but genotype-based advice added no benefit.
Foodborne illness
Foodborne illness, also called food poisoning, is any disease caused by eating food contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites, prions, or chemicals, causing over 200 recognized diseases.
FoodPharmer
FoodPharmer, the online identity of Revant Himatsingka, is an Indian health advocate who reviews food labels, leading to regulatory changes and the launch of his clean-label brand, Only What's Needed, in 2025.
Foodstuff
Foodstuff: legal and trade term for any material intended to be eaten, chewed, or drunk by humans, in changed or unchanged state; synonymous with "food" in Codex Alimentarius usage.
Foot
Foot: terminal human lower-limb structure with 26 bones, 33 joints, three arches, and a windlass mechanism, evolved from a grasping ape-like organ for bipedal walking.
Foot drop
Foot drop (drop foot): inability to lift the front of the foot, usually from peroneal nerve injury or L5 radiculopathy; managed with AFOs, functional electrical stimulation, physiotherapy, and tendon transfer surgery.
Foot odor
Foot odor (bromodosis) is body odor from bacteria metabolizing sweat on the feet, chiefly isovaleric acid from leucine degraded by Staphylococcus epidermidis; hyperhidrosis, fungi, and pitted keratolysis worsen it.
Foot Orthoses
Foot orthoses (orthotics) are in-shoe devices, prefabricated or custom-made, used for foot pain, flatfoot, heel pain, and arthritis; they modestly reduce rearfoot motion and impact forces, with custom devices showing no clear advantage over prefabricated ones.
Foot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD, aphthovirus) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed livestock with seven serotypes (A, O, C, SAT1–3, Asia1), causing blisters, high morbidity, low mortality, major trade losses, and no human health risk.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an Aphthovirus of Picornaviridae, is the first-discovered animal virus (Loeffler and Frosch, 1897); it infects cloven-hoofed livestock in seven serotypes (A, O, C, SAT1-3, Asia1) with no cross-protection between them.
Foot-skin M&M trial
Foot-skin M&M (NCT04781036) is a Mahidol University randomized, open-label trial of foot-skin microbiome (16S) and sock metabolomics (GC-MS) in 250 Thai naval cadets with pitted keratolysis, treated with 4% chlorhexidine for 2 weeks.
Footprinting
Footprinting is a bench technique for locating protein-binding sites on DNA or RNA, where a bound protein shields its site from cleavage; Galas and Schmitz first reported it in 1978.
For t 2
For t 2 is the major allergen of the biting midge Forcipomyia taiwana, a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit (325 aa, ACD65081.1) causing specific IgE in 75% of midge-allergic patients in Taiwan, studied in L. lactis oral immunotherapy.
Forage crop
A forage crop is a plant grown to be grazed by animals or harvested as feed, including grasses, legumes such as alfalfa, and tree foliage.
Foraging
Foraging: animal behavior of searching for, acquiring, and using food and nutrients. Central framework is optimal foraging theory (MacArthur and Pianka 1966), covering diet choice, patch use, and movement.
Foraging and ecological role of paper wasps
Paper wasps (Polistes) are social vespids that hunt caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects to feed larvae while adults drink nectar, giving them roles as pest predators, backup pollinators, and, in experiments, biocontrol agents in Brassica, sugarcane, and maize crops.
FORAM index
The FORAM Index, proposed by Pamela Hallock and colleagues in 2003, is a single-number indicator calculated from foraminiferal assemblages in surface sediments that shows whether reef water quality can support calcifying organisms, including reef-building corals.
Foramen magnum
Foramen magnum, the largest skull foramen, an oval opening in the occipital bone transmitting the medulla, vertebral arteries, and CN XI roots; key landmark in bipedalism and Chiari surgery.
Foramen ovale (heart)
Foramen ovale (heart): fetal opening between the right and left atria, also called the oval foramen, shunting blood past the lungs; normally closes at birth, persisting as a patent foramen ovale in about 25% of adults.
Foraminifera
Foraminifera, commonly called forams, are single-celled marine protists that build shells called tests and have a fossil record reaching back to the Cambrian, about 545 million years ago.
Foraminifera and Cenozoic climate evolution
Foraminifera and Cenozoic climate evolution is the reconstruction of Earth's climate over the last 66 million years from oxygen and carbon isotopes in fossil foraminiferal shells.
Foraminifera and early Cenozoic hyperthermal events
Fossil foraminifera record the early Cenozoic hyperthermals, abrupt warming events beginning with the PETM about 56 million years ago, marked by carbon isotope excursions, benthic extinction, and dwarfing.
Foraminifera in hydrocarbon exploration
Foraminifera in hydrocarbon exploration are shelled marine microfossils recovered from drill cuttings and cores, used by the petroleum industry to date, correlate, and interpret subsurface strata.
Foraminifera in paleoceanography
Foraminifera in paleoceanography is the use of fossil foraminiferal assemblages preserved in seafloor sediment to reconstruct past ocean conditions, including sea-surface temperature, productivity, and oxygenation.