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G1 Phase
G1 phase, the first gap phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle between mitosis and S phase, where cyclin D–Cdk4/6 phosphorylate Rb to release E2F and the restriction point commits the cell to DNA replication.
G1/S Transition
G1/S transition: the cell cycle commitment point where mammalian cells enter S phase, controlled by pRb-E2F, CyclinD/Cdk4/6 and CyclinE/Cdk2, the Pardee restriction point, and DNA damage checkpoints.
G2 Phase
G2 phase (gap 2) is the cell cycle interval after S phase DNA replication and before mitosis, when the cell synthesizes protein and stockpiles cytoplasm; Cyclin B-CDK1 and G2/M checkpoints govern entry into mitosis.
G2/M Transition
G2/M transition: the cell cycle point where a G2-phase cell commits to mitosis, driven by cyclin B–CDK1 activation and guarded by DNA damage and spindle checkpoints; also the Reactome pathway R-HSA-69275.
GA-10
GA-10, also written GA10, is a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line established in 1996 from the blood of a male patient whose lymphoma resisted CHOP chemotherapy.
GAB1
GAB1 (GRB2-associated binding protein 1, gene at 4q31.1) is a mammalian docking protein of the GAB/DOS family that recruits SHP2, PI3K, and CRK to activate MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and JNK signaling; essential for embryonic development, linked to DFNB26 deafness and poor cancer prognosis.
GABA receptor
GABA receptors are proteins binding gamma-aminobutyric acid, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Ionotropic GABA_A chloride channels (19 subunits) mediate fast inhibition; metabotropic GABA_B GPCRs (GABAB1/GABAB2 heterodimers) mediate slow inhibition; baclofen is the only approved GABA_B drug.
GABA synthesis
GABA synthesis: production of gamma-aminobutyric acid, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67, genes GAD2 and GAD1) decarboxylating L-glutamate with PLP cofactor; GAD65 supplies vesicular transmitter GABA, GAD67 cytosolic metabolic GABA.
GABAA receptor
GABAA receptor: pentameric Cys-loop chloride channel, the brain's main fast inhibitory receptor, built from 19 subunits; target of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, anesthetics, and neurosteroids.
GABAergic interneuron
GABAergic interneuron: local inhibitory neuron using GABA as neurotransmitter, also called GABAergic inhibitory interneuron. Three cortical groups (PV ~40%, SST ~30%, 5HT3aR ~30%) arise from the ganglionic eminence and regulate circuit timing.
Gabapentin
Gabapentin (Neurontin), a gabapentinoid GABA analog, binds the alpha2delta-1 calcium channel subunit; FDA-approved 1993 for partial seizures and 2002 for postherpetic neuralgia, widely prescribed off-label for neuropathic pain, with known misuse and overdose risks.
Gabapentin enacarbil
Gabapentin enacarbil (Horizant, Regnite, XP13512) is an extended-release prodrug of gabapentin approved for moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome and postherpetic neuralgia, dosed 600 mg daily for RLS, with somnolence and dizziness as common adverse effects.
GABARAP
GABARAP (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein), human ATG8-family autophagy protein on chromosome 17; traffics GABAA receptor gamma2 subunits to the membrane and drives autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
GABARAPL2
GABARAPL2 (GATE-16, GEF2, ATG8C) is a human 117-aa ubiquitin-like ATG8-family protein on chromosome 16q23.1 that stimulates NSF in intra-Golgi transport and, once PE-lipidated, drives late autophagosome maturation, mitophagy, and xenophagy.
Gabexate
Gabexate (gabexate mesilate, FOY), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor with a minutes-long half-life, used in Japan and Italy for acute pancreatitis, DIC, and post-ERCP pancreatitis prophylaxis, with mixed trial evidence.
Gaboon viper
Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica, Gaboon adder): Africa's largest viper, a sub-Saharan ambush predator with 5 cm fangs, record venom yield over 2 g per milking, docile temperament, and IUCN Vulnerable status.
Gábor Balázsi
Gábor Balázsi is a systems and synthetic biologist who is the Henry Laufer Professor at Stony Brook University, studying how gene expression noise shapes drug resistance and cancer metastasis.
Gabor David Kelen
Gabor David Kelen, known as Gabe Kelen, is a Canadian-trained American emergency physician who has chaired Johns Hopkins' Department of Emergency Medicine since 1993 and founded its disaster-preparedness office, CEPAR.
Gabor Maté
Gabor Maté (born 1944, Budapest) is a Hungarian-Canadian retired physician and author on addiction, trauma, and stress; Holocaust survivor, Downtown Eastside physician, author of In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts and The Myth of Normal, Order of Canada recipient.
Gaboxadol
Gaboxadol (THIP), an extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonist developed by Lundbeck and Merck for insomnia; development stopped in 2007 over variable efficacy and psychiatric side effects; later orphan-designated for Angelman syndrome and Fragile X.
GABRA1
GABRA1 (EJM, ECA4, DEE19) is a human gene on chromosome 5q34 encoding the alpha-1 subunit of the GABA_A receptor, a chloride channel; mutations cause juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy, and epileptic encephalopathy.
GABRB3
GABRB3, also called ECA5/DEE43, is a human gene at 15q12 encoding the beta3 subunit of the GABA_A inhibitory chloride-channel receptor. Pathogenic variants split into gain- and loss-of-function groups causing distinct epileptic encephalopathies; reduced expression marks Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes.
GABRG2
GABRG2 (OMIM 137164) encodes the gamma-2 subunit of the GABA_A receptor chloride channel at 5q34. Pathogenic variants cause febrile seizures, GEFS+, childhood absence epilepsy, and Dravet syndrome; transmembrane and gain-of-function variants are more severe.
Gabriel A. Dover
Gabriel A. Dover is a geneticist who was Professor of Genetics at the University of Leicester and originated molecular drive, his theory of evolution first published in Nature in 1982.
Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich
Gabriel Adrián Rabinovich is an Argentine immunologist and glycobiologist at the University of Buenos Aires known for defining how galectin-glycan interactions let tumors escape immune attack.
Gabriel Bertrand
Gabriel Bertrand (1867–1962) was a French biochemist, pharmacist, and bacteriologist who worked at the Institut Pasteur for 62 years, discovered the oxidase enzymes, and formulated Bertrand's rule of optimal trace element concentration.
Gabriel Corfas
Gabriel Corfas is a developmental neuroscientist at the University of Michigan who directs the Kresge Hearing Research Institute and studies neuron–glia signaling, myelination, and inner-ear synapse regeneration.
Gabriel H. Travis
Gabriel H. Travis is an American vision scientist and physician, Professor of Ophthalmology at UCLA since 2001, known for identifying Rpe65 as the visual cycle's retinoid isomerase.
Gabriel Horn
Gabriel Horn (1927–2012) was a British neuroscientist and zoologist at Cambridge who, through chick imprinting experiments, first identified a brain region where memory is stored, and was knighted in 2002.
Gabriël J.E. Rinkel
Gabriël J.E. Rinkel (born 1961) is a Dutch neurologist and professor of neurology at UMC Utrecht, an authority on subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms known for the PHASES rupture-risk score.