72,234 articles
Geminiviridae
Geminiviridae, the geminiviruses, are plant viruses with twinned icosahedral particles and circular single-stranded DNA genomes of 2.5–5.2 kb; 15 genera, 549 species, whitefly, leafhopper, aphid, or treehopper transmission.
Gemmule (sponge)
A gemmule is a seed-like asexual resting body, 0.25–1 mm across, produced by freshwater sponges to survive freezing and drying, then hatch into a new sponge when conditions improve.
Gemsbok
The gemsbok, or gemsbuck, is a large straight-horned antelope of the Kalahari and Karoo semi-deserts of southern Africa and the largest of the four oryx species.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg), a CD33-targeted antibody-drug conjugate with calicheamicin for acute myeloid leukemia; approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, reapproved 2017 at fractionated 3 mg/m2 dosing.
Gen Sobue
Gen Sobue (祖父江 元) is a Japanese neurologist known for research on ALS and spinobulbar muscular atrophy, professor at Nagoya University and president of Aichi Medical University.
Gen Suwa
Gen Suwa (諏訪元, born 1954) is a Japanese paleoanthropologist at the University of Tokyo, known for fossil-ape and early-human fieldwork in Ethiopia, including the Ardipithecus ramidus research.
GEN-AFRICA study
GEN-AFRICA (NCT05685810) is a UK observational registry, sponsored by King's College Hospital NHS Trust, studying genetic and clinical determinants of kidney, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease in 3,029 people of African ancestry with HIV; key findings include APOL1 variant effects on acute kidney injury.
Gen‐Sheng Feng
Gen-Sheng Feng (冯根生) is a molecular biologist known for discovering the signaling enzyme Shp2 and showing it can suppress liver cancer rather than promote it.
Gen'ichi Katō
Gen'ichi Katō (加藤元一) was a Japanese physiologist at Keio University who argued from 1923 that nerve impulses cross narcotised regions without decrement, and trained Ichiji Tasaki.
Gender differences in suicide
Gender differences in suicide: the gender paradox, where women attempt suicide more often but men die more often, explained by method lethality, intent, help-seeking, and social roles, with global trends and prevention evidence.
Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of clinically significant distress from incongruence between experienced gender and sex assigned at birth; ICD-11 instead uses gender incongruence, classified under sexual health, with distinct criteria and treatment frameworks.
Gender incongruence of childhood
Gender incongruence of childhood (ICD-11 HA61) is a WHO sexual-health diagnosis for pre-pubertal children with a marked, roughly two-year incongruence between experienced gender and assigned sex, replacing ICD-10's gender identity disorder of childhood.
Gender-affirming hormone therapy
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is the medical administration of estrogen or testosterone, with adjunct antiandrogens or GnRH agonists, to align secondary sex characteristics with a person's gender identity.
Gender-affirming surgery
Gender-affirming surgery (sex reassignment surgery) aligns physical characteristics with gender identity, spanning vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, chest, and facial procedures; first recorded 1931 in Berlin, standardized by WPATH Standards of Care since 1979.
Gender-affirming vaginoplasty
Gender-affirming vaginoplasty is a surgical procedure that constructs a neovagina, labia, and clitoris as part of gender-affirming care, most often for transgender women, with penile inversion the main technique.
GenderGP
GenderGP: private online gender-affirming healthcare service founded 2015 by Dr Helen Webberley; subscription model (£220 setup, £35.99/28 days), WPATH-guideline HRT prescribing, no puberty blockers for under-18s; unregulated by CQC per NHS England.
Gendicine (recombinant human p53 adenovirus)
Gendicine (今又生), recombinant human p53 adenovirus injection by Shenzhen SiBiono, approved in China October 2003 as the world's first gene therapy drug; treats head and neck squamous carcinoma with radiotherapy via intratumoral injection.
Gene
A gene is the basic unit of inheritance, a segment of DNA passed from parent to offspring that carries the information for a trait; humans have about 20,000 protein-coding genes.
Gene 89 protein
Gene 89 protein (Gp89) is the 103-aa predicted protein of mycobacteriophage D29 (UniProt O64270); gp89 also names unrelated 89th-gene products in other phages, while SWU1 GP89, a minor tail protein binding lipoarabinomannan, serves as a mycobacterial diagnostic reagent.
Gene Amplification
Gene amplification: increase in the number of copies of a gene without proportional increase in other genes; occurs via double-strand breaks, double minutes, HSRs; central in cancer (HER2) and antibiotic resistance.
Gene bank
Gene bank: facility preserving livestock and animal genetic material (semen, embryos, oocytes, cells, DNA) ex situ by cryoconservation; FAO reports 2,400+ breeds at risk, 600 extinct, semen stored for 1,542 breed populations.
Gene banking and cryopreservation of livestock genetic material
Gene banking and cryopreservation of livestock genetic material is the long-term frozen storage of semen, embryos, and DNA to conserve farm-animal breed diversity, framed by FAO's 2007 Global Plan of Action.
Gene co-expression analysis
Gene co-expression analysis, also called co-expression network analysis, is a bioinformatics method that groups genes with correlated expression patterns into modules used to infer shared function.
Gene Conversion
Gene conversion: nonreciprocal transfer of DNA sequence from a donor to a homologous acceptor during homologous recombination; also called non-crossover recombination; mechanisms SDSA and dHJ dissolution; causes human disease and drives concerted evolution.
Gene Deletion
Gene deletion: loss of a DNA or RNA segment, from one nucleotide to whole genes, causing frameshifts or genomic disorders like Williams syndrome; detected by MLPA, array CGH, gap-PCR, or induced by CRISPR knockout.
Gene Dosage
Gene dosage is the number of copies of a gene in a cell; changes alter gene product levels, cause aneuploid syndromes and genomic disorders, and are offset by dosage compensation such as X inactivation.
Gene drive
A gene drive is a genetic engineering method that biases inheritance so a chosen construct spreads through a population faster than Mendelian rules allow, proposed by Austin Burt in 2003.
Gene duplication
Gene duplication: the emergence of a heritable extra gene copy via tandem duplication, transposition, or whole-genome duplication. Central to Ohno's 1970 theory; fates include deletion, subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization, and dosage-balance retention.
Gene E. Likens
Gene E. Likens, born 1935 in Indiana, is an American ecosystem ecologist who co-founded the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study and co-discovered acid rain in North America.
Gene E. Robinson
Gene E. Robinson is an American entomologist and behavioral biologist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who pioneered the genomics of social behavior using honey bees.