Life and health

Grant J. Jensen

Grant J. Jensen is an American structural biologist known for pioneering electron cryotomography of bacterial cells, and since 2020 he has been a dean at Brigham Young University.

Grant R. Sutherland

Grant R. Sutherland, born 1945, is an Australian human cytogeneticist known for his work on fragile sites on chromosomes and for the dynamic mutation concept underlying fragile X syndrome.

Grant W. Liddle (1921–1989) was an American endocrinologist at Vanderbilt University whose work defined the modern diagnosis of adrenal gland disorders; Liddle's syndrome, a hereditary hypertension, is named for him.

Granta-519

Granta-519 (GRANTA-519, CVCL_1818) is a human mantle cell lymphoma cell line from a 58-year-old woman's peripheral blood, carrying t(11;14) with cyclin D1 overexpression, CDKN2A deletion, and ATM deficiency; a standard MCL research model.

Grantia

Grantia (Fleming, 1828) is a genus of small calcareous sponges in family Grantiidae, class Calcarea, with type species Grantia compressa; a textbook example of the syconoid canal system, distinct from the homonymous plant genus in Asteraceae.

Grantley W. Taylor

Grantley W. Taylor, full name Grantley Walder Taylor, was an American surgeon and cancer researcher at Harvard and Massachusetts General Hospital, known for work on lymph-node metastases and hindquarter amputation.

Granular corneal dystrophy type I

Granular corneal dystrophy type I (GCD1, Groenouw type I, classic GCD): rare autosomal dominant TGFBI p.Arg555Trp stromal corneal dystrophy with childhood-onset breadcrumb-like corneal deposits, glare, erosions, and progressive visual impairment.

Granular corneal dystrophy type II

Granular corneal dystrophy type II (GCD2, Avellino corneal dystrophy) is an autosomal dominant TGFBI (R124H) stromal corneal dystrophy with hyaline and amyloid deposits, common in East Asia, exacerbated by refractive surgery, treated with PTK and keratoplasty.

Granulation tissue

Granulation tissue is vascular connective tissue of new capillaries, fibroblasts, and macrophages that fills wounds healing by secondary intention, forms days 3-10 after injury, matures into scar, and can overgrow as hypergranulation (proud flesh).

Oct 20, 2026

Granule cell

Granule cell: a very small vertebrate CNS neuron; covers cerebellar granule cells (parallel fibers, mossy fiber input), axonless GABAergic olfactory bulb granule cells, and dentate gyrus principal neurons doing pattern separation.

Granulin

Granulin: cysteine-rich ~6 kDa peptide motif (12 cysteines, 6 disulfide bonds) released from progranulin (PGRN), an 88 kDa secreted glycoprotein encoded by GRN; linked to frontotemporal dementia, CLN11, lysosomal function, inflammation, wound repair, and cancer.

Granulocyte

Granulocyte: white blood cell with enzyme-containing cytoplasmic granules; types are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils (sometimes mast cells). Formed in bone marrow, normal count 1,500-8,500/µL, classified by Ehrlich's 1879 dye staining.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

CSF2 (GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) is a human cytokine gene at 5q31 controlling granulocyte and macrophage production; its receptor uses shared beta-c/Jak2 signaling, and recombinant sargramostim treats neutropenia and radiation injury.

Granuloma

A granuloma is a compact cluster of immune cells, chiefly epithelioid macrophages and giant cells, formed when the body cannot eliminate an infection, foreign object, or other persistent stimulus.

Granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare (GA), or necrobiotic papulosis, is a benign inflammatory skin disease with annular plaques and necrobiotic granulomas. Subtypes include localized, generalized, subcutaneous, and perforating; no FDA-approved treatments exist, though JAK inhibitors show promise.

Granuloma faciale

Granuloma faciale (facial granuloma of Lever, ORPHA:615943) is a rare benign chronic facial dermatosis with reddish-brown plaques, grenz zone histology, and frequent misdiagnosis; treatment is topical steroids or tacrolimus.

Granuloma inguinale

Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease caused by Klebsiella granulomatis, marked by painless beefy-red ulcers, Donovan bodies, and prolonged azithromycin therapy.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly Wegener's granulomatosis, is a rare ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting sinuses, lungs, and kidneys, usually PR3-ANCA positive, treated with rituximab or cyclophosphamide.

Oct 20, 2026

Granulomatous orbital inflammation

Granulomatous orbital inflammation (ICD-11 9A22.2, granuloma of orbit) is orbital inflammation dominated by histiocytes and noncaseating granulomas, either an uncommon subtype of idiopathic orbital inflammation or orbital sarcoidosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis; treated first with systemic corticosteroids.

Granulomatous slack skin

Granulomatous slack skin (GSS), a rare WHO-EORTC-recognized subtype of mycosis fungoides, causes pendulous lax skin folds in axillae and groin; under 50 cases reported, male-predominant, indolent but sometimes lethal, methotrexate-responsive.

Granulosa cell

Granulosa cell: the somatic supporting cell of the ovarian follicle, female counterpart of the Sertoli cell. Produces estradiol, inhibin, and AMH; nourishes the oocyte via transzonal projections; source of FOXL2-mutant granulosa cell tumors.

Granulysin domain

Granulysin domain (GNLY): the saposin-like five-helix lipid-binding domain of granulysin, a 9-kDa antimicrobial protein in human CTL and NK cytotoxic granules that permeabilizes cholesterol-poor microbial membranes with perforin and granzymes.

Grape

Grape, fruit of Vitis vinifera (grapevine), a climbing vine eaten fresh, dried as raisins, or made into wine and juice; 77.7 million t of fresh grapes in 2024, led by China, Italy, and the USA, with Near East domestication origin.

Grape and wine harvest festivals

Grape and wine harvest festivals celebrate the grape harvest with rituals such as a public first pressing and offering the first must to a patron saint.

Grape cane tannins

Grape cane tannins: polyphenols and stilbenoids (resveratrol, viniferins) extracted from pruned grapevine canes, studied as natural antifungals against downy mildew and apple scab, insecticides, biostimulants, and antioxidants; not EU-approved as a basic substance.

Grape seed extract

Grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera seed extract, GSE), a proanthocyanidin-rich dietary supplement and food ingredient. Evidence supports modest LDL/triglyceride and diastolic blood pressure effects; GRAS in the US, regulated in Canada and the EU.

Grape seed oil

Grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera seed oil) is an edible oil from winemaking pomace seeds, 6-20% oil content, about 90% unsaturated fatty acids dominated by 65-75% linoleic acid, used in cooking, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Grape surgery

Grape surgery: performing simulated surgical procedures on grapes as a low-cost microsurgical training model in ophthalmology, ENT, and laparoscopy, and the 2014 da Vinci Si grape-suturing video that popularized robotic surgery.

Grape syrup

Grape syrup, also called pekmez, petimezi, dibs, saba, or arrope, is a molasses-like sweetener made by boiling down unfermented grape juice, typically 65–80% soluble solids, with Roman roots (defrutum, sapa) and codex limits on its fructose/glucose ratio.