72,234 articles
Grapefruit
Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), a pummelo-sweet orange hybrid first described in Barbados in 1750, is a subtropical citrus whose juice blocks intestinal CYP3A4 and interacts with many oral medications; global production is about 7 million tons.
Grapefruit–drug interactions
Grapefruit–drug interactions: grapefruit furanocoumarins irreversibly inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, raising exposure of statins, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants, while OATP inhibition lowers fexofenadine and aliskiren levels; discovered 1989 with felodipine.
Grapevine downy mildew
Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a destructive grape disease from North America that reached Europe around 1878; oil-spot lesions, oospore overwintering, copper and single-site fungicides, and resistance management define its control.
Grapevine fanleaf virus
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV, Nepovirus foliumflabelli) is a bipartite nepovirus causing fanleaf degeneration of grapevine, transmitted by Xiphinema index, with yield losses up to 80% and worldwide distribution.
Grapevine Pinot gris virus
Grapevine Pinot gris virus is an RNA plant virus of grapevines first identified in northeastern Italy in 2012 and now reported in all major grape-growing regions.
Grapevine powdery mildew
Grapevine powdery mildew is a fungal disease of grapevines caused by Erysiphe necator, one of the most widespread and damaging grape diseases worldwide since reaching Europe in 1845.
Graphene nanopore DNA sequencing
Graphene nanopore DNA sequencing is a proposed method in which DNA is driven through a nanoscale hole in atomically thin graphene, first demonstrated in 2010 and still experimental.
Graphene oxide drug delivery
Graphene oxide drug delivery is an experimental nanomedicine approach that uses graphene oxide nanosheets to load, transport, and release drugs and genes, reported in 2008 and still preclinical.
Graphoceras
Graphoceras, Buckman, an extinct Aalenian to lower Bajocian ammonite genus of the family Graphoceratidae; very involute, sharp-keeled shells with retrorse ribs, index fossils of the Concavum Zone in western Europe, Morocco, Bulgaria, and Iran.
Graptemys
Graptemys, the map turtles (Agassiz, 1857), is a genus of 14 North American riverine, mollusc-eating turtles in Emydidae, named for map-like carapace markings; a young rapid radiation (~1.5 mya) with three clades and strong river-drainage endemism.
Graptolite
Graptolites (Graptolithina) are colonial marine hemichordate pterobranchs, mostly extinct but including the living Rhabdopleura, known from Cambrian to Carboniferous pencil-like fossils and used as index fossils.
Grass
Grass, also known as the grasses, is the flowering plant family Poaceae (Gramineae), with about 760 genera and 12,000 species worldwide, including the staple crops wheat, rice, and maize.
Grass carp
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), or white amur, is a large herbivorous Asian minnow introduced worldwide for aquatic weed control. Imported to the U.S. in 1963, it is established in the Mississippi basin and now regulated as invasive carp; triploid sterile fish are stocked for vegetation management.
Grass snake
Grass snake (Natrix helvetica), barred grass snake: a non-venomous western European natricine snake, split from Natrix natrix in 2017; Britain's largest reptile and only egg-laying snake, feeding on amphibians and fish.
Grasshopper
Grasshopper: herbivorous Orthoptera insect (suborder Caelifera, mainly family Acrididae, over 6,700 species) with jumping hind legs; locusts are swarming-phase grasshoppers; egg-nymph-adult life cycle, 8-10 year outbreak cycles.
Grassland
A grassland is a terrestrial ecosystem where grasses, sedges, and forbs dominate with few or no trees, known regionally as prairie, steppe, pampas, or veld.
Gravel pit
Gravel pit: an open excavation extracting alluvial sand and gravel for construction aggregate. Distinct from rock quarries (no blasting needed); key issues include reserve estimation accuracy, groundwater effects, pit capture, and pit-lake after-use.
Graves' disease
Graves' disease, also called Basedow's disease, is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism through TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies; it affects about 1 in 100 Americans, is 7-8 times more common in women, and is treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery.
Graves' ophthalmopathy
Graves' ophthalmopathy, also called thyroid eye disease or Graves' orbitopathy, is an autoimmune orbital inflammation affecting about one in three people with Graves' disease, treated with glucocorticoids, mycophenolate, teprotumumab, radiotherapy, or surgery.
Gravidity and parity
Gravidity and parity (G/P, GTPAL, GPAL): obstetric counts summarizing pregnancy history. Gravidity counts all pregnancies regardless of outcome; parity counts pregnancies reaching a viability threshold, typically 20-28 weeks, counting multiples as one delivery.
Gravity bong
Gravity bong (G-B, geeb): a homemade cannabis smoking device using water displacement to fill a chamber with concentrated smoke pushed in under positive pressure; commercialized as GRAV's all-glass Gravitron (2004).
Gravity Suits
Gravity suits: inflatable lower-body counterpressure garments, from Crile's 1903 pneumatic suit to pilot G-suits and the medical MAST/PASG anti-shock trousers, now largely abandoned after Cochrane review found no survival benefit.
Gray Camp
J. Gray Camp is a Swiss-based developmental and computational biologist at Roche's Institute of Human Biology in Basel, known for single-cell atlases of human organoids.
Gray catbird
Gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), a slaty-gray Mimidae songbird of North American thickets with a black cap, chestnut undertail patch, catlike mew call, and long mimicking song; about 29 million birds, IUCN Least Concern.
Gray fox
Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), tree-climbing canid from Canada to South America, the most basal living canid. Grizzled gray coat, black-tipped tail, 8-12 lb; declining in the US Midwest amid coyote expansion, Threatened in Canada.
Gray platelet syndrome
Gray platelet syndrome (GPS, alpha storage pool deficiency) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by NBEAL2 mutations, causing macrothrombocytopenia, absent platelet alpha-granules, gray platelets on smear, myelofibrosis, and splenomegaly.
Gray whale
Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), a North Pacific baleen whale with eastern and western populations; eastern stock migrates ~10,000 miles between Baja California and the Arctic, was delisted in 1994, and fell to about 13,000 whales after the 2019-2023 unusual mortality event.
Gray's Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy is the classic English anatomy reference, first published in London in 1858 as Anatomy: Descriptive and Surgical by Henry Gray with Henry Vandyke Carter's illustrations; now in its 42nd edition (2020) from Elsevier, distinct from Gray's Anatomy for Students and the TV series.
Grayanotoxin
Grayanotoxin: Ericaceae-derived diterpene sodium-channel toxin causing mad honey poisoning, with bradycardia, hypotension, and vomiting; sources in Turkish and Nepali Rhododendron honey.
Grayson-Wilbrandt corneal dystrophy
Grayson-Wilbrandt corneal dystrophy (GWCD), also called Grayson-Wilbrandt-Hornhautdystrophie, is an extremely rare, questionable Bowman layer corneal dystrophy described in one 1966 family; autosomal dominant, removed from IC3D edition 3.