Life and health

Groat (grain)

Groat (grain): the hulled kernel of cereal grains such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley, retaining bran, germ, and endosperm. Oat groats yield steel-cut, rolled, and Scottish oats; less processing means longer cooking and lower glycemic index.

GroEL

GroEL is the essential E. coli Hsp60 chaperonin, a double-ring ATP-driven folding machine working with GroES to fold about 10% of new proteins; also reported to act as an RNase and antibiotic target.

GroES chaperonin family

GroES chaperonin family (Cpn10/Hsp10, InterPro IPR020818): heptameric ~10 kDa co-chaperonin lids that cap GroEL's folding cage, switching its cavity from hydrophobic to hydrophilic during ATP-driven protein folding.

Groin

The groin, known in anatomy as the inguinal region, is the junction between the torso and the thigh, containing the inguinal canal through which hernias commonly occur.

Groin hernia repair

Groin hernia repair is surgery to close a groin defect, usually an inguinal hernia, most often with mesh; over 800,000 repairs are done yearly in the United States.

Groote Schuur Hospital

Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH), Cape Town's premier public tertiary academic hospital and UCT's main teaching hospital, opened 1938; site of the world's first human heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard on 3 December 1967.

Grooved Pegboard Test

The Grooved Pegboard Test is a neuropsychological test of fine motor speed and dexterity in which 25 keyed pegs are inserted one hand at a time.

Gross examination

Gross examination, or grossing, is the bare-eye inspection, description, measurement, and sampling of surgical specimens in a pathology laboratory before microscopic processing, so the right tissue reaches the histologist.

Gross Motor Function Classification System

The Gross Motor Function Classification System, or GMFCS, is a five-level scale classifying how children with cerebral palsy sit and walk, introduced by Robert Palisano and colleagues in 1997.

Gross total resection

Gross total resection (GTR) is the complete removal of all macroscopically visible tumor during surgery, assessed by postoperative MRI within 48 hours and linked to longer survival in glioblastoma.

Ground sloth

Ground sloths: extinct terrestrial sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra) of the Americas, from Alaska to Argentina, ranging from 3 kg Neocnus to 6,500 kg Eremotherium; extinct about 11,000 years ago after long human overlap.

Ground spider

Ground spider (Gnaphosidae, also stealthy ground spiders): a worldwide spider family of 154 genera and 2,514 species of nocturnal ground hunters with cylindrical spinnerets and enlarged piriform gland spigots; not monophyletic per recent phylogenies.

Ground squirrel

Ground squirrels are burrowing, ground-dwelling squirrels (Sciuridae), formerly genus Spermophilus, split in 2009 into eight genera. Known for deep hibernation torpor, supercooling in arctic ground squirrels, ecosystem engineering, and agricultural pest status.

Ground tissue

Ground tissue (fundamental tissue system) is the non-dermal, non-vascular tissue of vascular plants, made of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma; it fills space between dermal and vascular tissues and performs photosynthesis, storage, and support.

Ground-glass opacity

Ground-glass opacity (GGO), also called ground-glass nodule when focal, is a hazy CT lung finding with visible vessels, caused by infection (including COVID-19), inflammation, hemorrhage, or adenocarcinoma-spectrum cancer; managed by multi-year surveillance, PET having low sensitivity.

Ground-like domain

Ground-like domain (Pfam PF04155, InterPro IPR007284): a cysteine-rich protein domain of nematode hedgehog-like (grl) proteins, named after C. elegans Groundhog genes, proposed to modulate Patched-like membrane proteins.

Groundhog

Groundhog (Marmota monax), also called woodchuck or whistlepig: a large burrowing squirrel-family rodent of eastern North America and Canada, a hibernator, hepatitis B research model, and the animal of Groundhog Day.

Group 5 pulmonary hypertension

Group 5 pulmonary hypertension is the residual classification category for pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms, including sarcoidosis, hematologic disorders, and chronic renal failure.

Group A streptococcal infection

Group A streptococcal infection: disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep, GAS), from strep throat and impetigo to necrotizing fasciitis, STSS, and rheumatic heart disease; no licensed vaccine, rising US invasive disease since 2014.

Group B streptococcal infection

Group B streptococcal infection, caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), is invasive disease of newborns, pregnant women, and older or chronically ill adults, prevented in early-onset form by intrapartum antibiotics, with maternal vaccines in development.

Group C nerve fiber

Group C nerve fibers (C fibers, group IV) are unmyelinated, 0.2-1.5 micrometer peripheral axons conducting at 0.5-2 m/s, carrying slow burning pain, temperature, and itch, distinguished from myelinated A fibers.

Group II intron

Group II intron: self-splicing mobile ribozyme with an intron-encoded reverse transcriptase, found in bacteria and organelles, subgrouped IIA/IIB/IIC, and the likely ancestor of spliceosomal introns and retrotransposons.

Group Practice

Group practice: three or more physicians in a legally recognized entity sharing space, equipment, personnel, records, and income distribution. Covers forms, history, quality evidence versus solo practice, and US trends.

Group sequential design

A group sequential design is a clinical trial design allowing interim analyses with early stopping for efficacy, futility, or safety at a controlled error rate.

Group-specific antigen

Group-specific antigen (Gag) is the major retroviral structural polyprotein gene and product; the acronym dates to avian leukosis virus p27 capsid antigen work. Gag's MA, CA, NC, and p6 domains drive assembly, RNA packaging, and protease-mediated maturation.