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Growing teratoma syndrome
Growing teratoma syndrome (GTS): rare enlargement of mature teratoma masses during or after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous germ cell tumors despite normalized markers; described by Logothetis in 1982; treated by complete surgical resection.
Growth and Development
Growth and development: the biological progression of an organism from initial form to full size and maturity, also a MeSH heading (D048788) covering growth, morphogenesis, aging, and human development.
Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45
GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45) is a family of three small nuclear stress-sensor proteins, GADD45A, B, and G (MyD118, CR6), regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, demethylation, immunity, and tumor suppression.
Growth arrest-specific protein 1
Growth arrest-specific protein 1 (GAS1, GAS-1) is a human 345-aa GPI-anchored glycoprotein on chromosome 9q21.33 that blocks S phase entry and serves as a Sonic hedgehog co-receptor handing ShhN to PTCH1/2; mutations cause holoprosencephaly. Distinct from yeast Gas1p, a GH72 cell wall glucanosyltransferase.
Growth chart
Growth charts are percentile curves tracking children's weight, length, head circumference, and BMI by age and sex. Key sets are the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards (0-59 months, MGRS, six countries) and the 2000 CDC reference charts (US, 1963-1994).
Growth cone
Growth cone: the motile, sensory tip of a growing axon, first described by Cajal in 1890, that steers axon pathfinding via actin-driven filopodia and attractive or repulsive guidance cues such as netrins and semaphorins.
Growth delay due to insulin-like growth factor type 1 deficiency
Growth delay due to IGF-1 deficiency (ORPHA:73272, OMIM 608747), also called growth delay-deafness-intellectual disability syndrome: an autosomal recessive IGF1-gene disorder with intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and intellectual deficit; under 1 per million, about four reported cases.
Growth delay-hydrocephaly-lung hypoplasia syndrome
Growth delay-hydrocephaly-lung hypoplasia syndrome, or Game-Friedman-Paradice syndrome (ORPHA:3035, OMIM 236640), is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder seen in four siblings, marked by fetal growth retardation, hydrocephalus with patent aqueduct of Sylvius, pulmonary hypoplasia, omphalocele, and limb anomalies.
Growth factors
Growth factors are signaling molecules regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and repair; families include NGF, FGF, and TGF. Also the name of a Taylor & Francis journal (ISSN 0897-7194) founded in 1988 covering this research.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone (somatotropin, GH) is a pituitary peptide hormone acting via the GH receptor and IGF-1; treats growth hormone deficiency, banned in sport (WADA S2), and not supported as anti-aging or performance-enhancing therapy.
Growth hormone deficiency
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare pituitary condition causing growth failure in children and a metabolic, quality-of-life syndrome in adults; diagnosed by GH stimulation tests and treated with daily or long-acting injectable GH.
Growth lines and shell size in bivalves
Growth lines in bivalve shells are concentric marks laid down when shell growth slows or stops, forming a calendar used to estimate a bivalve's age and growth rate.
Growth medium
Growth medium, or culture medium, is a formulation supporting microbial growth, identification, or preservation. Pasteur made the first liquid medium in 1860; Koch introduced solid media with agar, enabling pure-culture isolation.
Growth-regulating factor
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are streptophyte-specific plant transcription factors with QLQ and WRC domains, forming the GRF-GIF-miR396 growth module; not the rose nursery GRF or growth hormone-releasing factor.
GrpE
GrpE is the bacterial nucleotide exchange factor for the DnaK (Hsp70) chaperone, discovered in 1977 via phage λ mutants; a dimeric coiled-coil thermosensor that accelerates ADP release 5000-fold, with mitochondrial homologs GrpEL1/2 in eukaryotes.
Gruidae
Gruidae, the crane family of Gruiformes: 15 species in two subfamilies (Balearicinae crowned cranes, Gruinae true cranes), sister to limpkins and trumpeters, Eocene origin, threatened by habitat loss.
Gruiformes
Gruiformes, an order of birds comprising rails, flufftails, finfoots, trumpeters, cranes, and the limpkin; once a larger artificial assemblage, now reduced by molecular phylogenetics, with Grues confirmed monophyletic but deep placement among Neoaves unresolved.
Grumpy Cat
Grumpy Cat, real name Tardar Sauce (2012–2019), was an Arizona cat whose frown from feline dwarfism and an underbite made her a viral Reddit meme, bestselling author brand, and Lifetime movie star.
Grüns
Grüns is a US gummy supplement brand founded in 2023 by Chad Janis, selling Superfoods Greens Gummies (8-gummy daily packs, 60+ ingredients, 6 g fiber); acquired by Unilever on 1 June 2026.
Grus nigricollis
Grus nigricollis, the black-necked crane (Thrung Thrung Karmo), is the only alpine crane, breeding on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau at 2,600-4,900 m and wintering in Yunnan-Guizhou, Tibet, and Bhutan; IUCN Near Threatened, population about 17,400-17,610 and increasing.
Gryllacrididae
Gryllacrididae, called raspy crickets or leaf-rolling crickets, is a family of nocturnal Orthoptera insects known for spinning silk from their mouthparts to build daytime shelters from rolled leaves.
Gryphaea
Gryphaea, the Devil's toenail, is an extinct Jurassic oyster with a large curved lower valve, common in European Jurassic rocks and a classic case study of gradual versus punctuated evolution.
Gryphaeidae
Gryphaeidae (honeycomb or foam oysters), Vialov 1936, a bivalve family in Ostreoidea, sister to true oysters (Ostreidae); vesicular shell microstructure, edentate hinge, Triassic to Recent, tropical and subtropical seas.
Grzegorz Ira
Grzegorz Ira is a molecular biologist and professor of molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, who studies DNA double-strand break repair and genome instability.
GS omega/kappa HxTx Hv1a
GS-omega/kappa-HxTx-Hv1a (ω/κ-Hv1a, Spear-T, Spear-Lep) is a 37-residue spider-venom peptide bioinsecticide from Hadronyche versuta, IRAC Group 32 nAChR allosteric modulator, EPA tolerance-exempt 2014, Canadian registration 2023, not EU-approved.
GS1191-0445 (haemophilia A AAV gene therapy)
GS1191-0445 (GS001) is Gritgen Therapeutics' AAV8 gene therapy delivering B-domain-deleted human factor VIII for hemophilia A; first-in-China HA gene therapy, now in phase 3 (NCT06833983) with CDE Breakthrough Therapy Designation.
GSDMD
GSDMD (gasdermin D), gene ID 79792 at 8q24.3, is the pore-forming executor of pyroptosis, cleaved by inflammatory caspases at Asp275/276 to release a 31–34-subunit membrane pore; inhibitors target Cys191/192 but none are approved.
GSI study
GSI study (NCT02735824), Genetic Study of Immunodeficiency, is a Swiss observational study led by University Children's Hospital Zurich, enrolling 500 suspected primary immunodeficiency patients plus relatives to find genetic causes, running 2016 to 2027.
GSK plc
GSK plc (GlaxoSmithKline) is a British biopharmaceutical company formed in December 2000 by merging Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham. It sells specialty medicines, vaccines, and general medicines, with £32.7bn 2025 turnover, and spun off Haleon in 2022.
GSK3B
GSK3B (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, GSK-3β) is a human chromosome 3 gene encoding a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase that regulates glycogen synthesis, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and tau phosphorylation, implicated in diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cancer.