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Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are proteins that activate small GTPases such as Ras, Rho, Rab, and Arf by catalyzing GDP release, letting GTP rebind; family-specific catalytic domains include CDC25, DH, and Sec7.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor SopE
SopE, with paralog SopE2, is a Salmonella type III secretion effector and bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42 and Rac1, driving actin ruffling, invasion, tight-junction disruption, inflammation, and phage-borne spread of sopE in epidemic strains.
Guanine-specific ADP-ribosyl transferase-like
Guanine-specific ADP-ribosyl transferase-like, exemplified by ScARP (SCO5461) from Streptomyces coelicolor, is a pierisin-family ARTC enzyme that ADP-ribosylates the N2 of guanine in DNA, RNA, and nucleotides, also cytidine, reversed by NADAR hydrolases.
Guano
Guano: accumulated seabird or bat excrement rich in phosphates and nitrogen, used as fertilizer. Peru's 1840s–1880s Chincha Islands boom exported ~12 million tons for ~US$500 million; modern Peru harvests it under a rotating conservation system.
Guanosine
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside consisting of guanine attached to ribose, one of the four standard ribonucleosides of RNA and parent of the guanine nucleotides GMP, GDP, and GTP.
Guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate that functions as an energy carrier, a building block of RNA, and a switching ligand for regulatory proteins in cells.
Guanylate kinase
Guanylate kinase (GMP kinase, EC 2.7.4.8) is an essential, conserved ~200-amino-acid enzyme catalyzing ATP-dependent phosphorylation of GMP to GDP, key to purine metabolism, prodrug activation, and the MAGUK scaffold domain family.
Guanylin
Guanylin (GN), with uroguanylin, an intestinal 15-amino-acid peptide hormone activating guanylate cyclase C to raise cGMP; regulates gut and renal salt-water transport, natriuresis, and colorectal cancer signaling.
Guar (ग्वार)
Guar (ग्वार), also called clusterbean or guar bean, is an annual legume grown chiefly in India for guar gum from its seeds, used in food, oil drilling, and hydraulic fracturing.
Guard cell
Guard cells are paired epidermal cells flanking each stomatal pore; they open and close stomata via turgor changes driven by ion transport, ABA, light, and CO2 signaling, kidney-shaped in dicots, dumbbell-shaped in grasses.
Guard dog
Guard dog, especially livestock guardian dog (LGD), a dog bred to bond with and protect livestock from predators. Over 30 breeds; cuts predation about 70% on average; costs $700–$1,000 yearly per dog; wildlife impacts debated.
Guarea
Guarea (F.Allam. ex L., nom. cons., 1771) is a Neotropical genus of Meliaceae trees, second largest American mahogany genus after Trichilia, with about 70 species from Mexico to Argentina, terminal-bud leaves, bird-dispersed sarcotestate seeds, and limonoid-rich chemistry.
Guava
Guava (Amrood, Peyara) is a tropical fruit tree of the myrtle family, an evergreen shrub or small tree grown throughout the tropics for its sweet aromatic fruit.
Guazatine
Guazatine (guanoctine, guazatine acetates, CAS 108173-90-6) is a non-systemic guanidine contact fungicide and bird repellent used for cereal seed treatment and postharvest citrus sour rot control; EU approval withdrawn in 2011.
Guazuma
Guazuma is a genus of four Malvaceae tree species native to Mexico and tropical America; its best-known species, G. ulmifolia (mutamba, West Indian elm), provides timber, livestock forage, and medicinal proanthocyanidins.
Guazuma ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian elm, bastard cedar, mutamba, guácimo) is a neotropical Malvaceae tree from Mexico to tropical America, a Least Concern multipurpose timber, fodder, fuel, and medicinal species with tannin-rich bark.
Gubernatrix
Gubernatrix is a monotypic tanager genus holding the Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata, Cardenal Amarillo), an Endangered South American songbird of 1,000–2,000 mature individuals threatened by cagebird trapping, habitat loss, and hybridization with Diuca diuca.
Gudapippali
Gudapippali (गुडपिप्पली), also written Guḍapippali, is a classical Ayurvedic multi-ingredient formulation (AFI000244, dose 6–12 g) built on jaggery and long pepper, indicated for splenic and liver diseases, cough, and chronic fever.
Gudicyadi Taila
Guduchyadi Taila (Gudicyadi Taila, Amritottara Taila) is a classical Ayurvedic medicated oil of Tinospora cordifolia, cow milk, and sesame oil, used for Vatarakta (gouty arthritis), scalp itching, and gynecological therapies.
Gudrun Rappold
Gudrun Rappold (born 1954) is a German human geneticist who led molecular human genetics at Heidelberg University and discovered SHOX, the gene behind short stature in Turner syndrome.
Guduci Lauha
Guduci Lauha (Guduchyadi Lauha, Guducyadi Louha) is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral iron formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali combining Lauha Bhasma with Tinospora cordifolia and digestive herbs, listed in AFI Part II 17:1 and used mainly for gout (Vatarakta).
Guduci Sattva
Guduci Sattva (गुडूची सत्त्व), also called Giloy Sattva, is an Ayurvedic powder extracted from the Tinospora cordifolia stem, prescribed mainly for fever and as a general tonic.
Guducyadi kvatha curna
Guducyadi kvatha curna (Guḍūcyādi gaṇa kvātha cūrṇa, AFI000560) is a classical Ayurvedic coarse-powder decoction of guduchi, coriander, neem, red sandalwood, and padmaka, used as an appetiser and febrifuge; AFI dose 48 g/day.
Guducyadi Modaka
Guḍūcyādi Modaka (गुडूच्यादि मोदक) is a classical Ayurvedic herbal-mineral confection in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI000047), built on guduchi, dosed 6-12 g, and indicated for urinary disorders, bleeding, and as a rasayana.
Guenter J. Krejs
Guenter J. Krejs (Günter Josef Krejs) is an Austrian-American gastroenterologist, emeritus professor at the Medical University of Graz, known for the 1979 somatostatinoma syndrome paper.
Guenther Boden
Guenther Boden (1935–2015) was a German-born endocrinologist and diabetes researcher at Temple University who first showed that elevated blood fatty acids interfere with insulin's action.
Gugulipid (guggulsterone-standardized guggul extract)
Gugulipid, a guggulsterone E/Z-standardized extract of Commiphora mukul oleoresin developed by CDRI Lucknow and approved in India as a lipid-lowering drug; FXR-antagonist mechanism, but a 2003 US trial found LDL-C rose.
Guide RNA
Guide RNA (gRNA): a small RNA that base pairs with a target nucleic acid to direct a protein activity there; term coined by Blum et al. 1990 for trypanosome RNA editing, now central to snoRNAs, siRNA/miRNA silencing, and CRISPR sgRNA/pegRNA genome editing.
GUIDE-IT trial
GUIDE-IT (NCT01685840) was a 2013–2016 randomized trial in 894 high-risk HFrEF patients at 45 US and Canadian sites testing NT-proBNP-guided therapy targeting <1,000 pg/mL versus usual care; it was stopped for futility with no outcome difference.
Guided antiplatelet therapy
Guided antiplatelet therapy is a cardiology treatment strategy that uses platelet function testing or CYP2C19 genotyping to select and dose P2Y12 inhibitors like clopidogrel for individual patients.