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Monotone convergence theorem
The monotone convergence theorem, or Beppo Levi's theorem, is a result of Lebesgue integration proved in 1906 stating that the integral of the limit of increasing nonnegative functions equals the limit of their integrals.
Monotonic function
A monotonic function, also called a monotone function, is a real function that preserves or reverses order, so its outputs move in one fixed direction.
Monsoon
A monsoon is a thermally driven wind that reverses direction seasonally, bringing alternating wet and dry seasons, and shaping life for more than two-thirds of the world's population.
Monsoon Experiment (MONEX)
The Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) was an international field program under the Global Atmospheric Research Programme that studied the winter and summer monsoons of Asia and Africa in 1978 and 1979.
Monsoon of South Asia
The monsoon of South Asia, also called the Indian monsoon, is the seasonal reversal of winds that delivers most of the subcontinent's rainfall, chiefly from June to September.
Monsoon trough
The monsoon trough is an elongated zone of low surface pressure where trade winds and monsoon winds converge, a semi-permanent feature of monsoon circulation that brings rain, depressions, and tropical cyclones.
Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate
The monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Subtropical Monsoon) is a Köppen climate type, Cwa, with mild winters, hot summers, and rain concentrated in summer rather than winter.
Monster group
The Monster group, also called the friendly giant, is the largest of the 26 sporadic finite simple groups, with order about 8 × 10^53, predicted by Fischer and Griess in 1973.
Monstrous moonshine
Monstrous moonshine, or the Conway–Norton conjecture, is the unexpected connection between the monster group and modular functions that Richard Borcherds proved in 1992, earning a Fields Medal.
Monte Carlo dose calculation
Monte Carlo dose calculation is a radiotherapy method that simulates the transport of individual particles through a patient's tissues, widely regarded as the most accurate approach to radiation dose calculation.
Monte Carlo dropout
Monte Carlo dropout is a technique for estimating a neural network's prediction uncertainty by keeping dropout active at inference and averaging multiple stochastic forward passes.
Monte Carlo estimation
Monte Carlo estimation estimates integrals, expectations, and probabilities by averaging a function over many random draws, with error shrinking as one over the square root of the sample count.
Monte Carlo integration
Monte Carlo integration, or Monte Carlo quadrature, estimates definite integrals by averaging a function evaluated at random points, with statistical error falling as 1/√N regardless of dimension.
Monte Carlo localization
Monte Carlo localization (MCL) is a probabilistic algorithm, introduced in 1999 by Fox, Burgard, Dellaert, and Thrun, that estimates a robot's position from sensor data and a map.
Monte Carlo method
The Monte Carlo method, also known as Monte Carlo simulation, is a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to estimate quantities impractical to compute exactly.
Monte Carlo method for photon transport
The Monte Carlo method for photon transport is a numerical technique that simulates individual photons, or packets of many photons, through absorbing and scattering media using random sampling.
Monte Carlo method in statistical mechanics
The Monte Carlo method in statistical mechanics, also called the Monte Carlo method in statistical physics, estimates equilibrium properties of many-body systems by sampling the Boltzmann distribution with Markov chains.
Monte Carlo methods in statistical physics
Monte Carlo methods in statistical physics sample configurations at random to compute ensemble averages, anchored by the 1953 Metropolis algorithm and later cluster algorithms that cure critical slowing down.
Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code
The Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) is a general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation-transport code developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, descended from 1940s Monte Carlo work by Fermi, von Neumann, and Ulam.
Monte Carlo neutron transport
Monte Carlo neutron transport is a computational method that simulates the random histories of individual neutrons, sampling collisions from nuclear data, and underlies codes such as MCNP and Serpent.
Monte Carlo sampling
Monte Carlo sampling is a statistical method that estimates hard-to-compute sums, integrals, and probabilities by averaging many random samples from a probability model, with error shrinking as 1/√N.
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) is a non-profit oceanographic research center in Moss Landing, California, founded by David Packard in 1987 to advance marine science and technology.
Monterey Formation
The Monterey Formation is a Miocene marine sedimentary rock unit in California, built from diatom remains, that generated much of the oil in the state's coastal basins.
Montgomery modular multiplication
Montgomery modular multiplication, or Montgomery reduction, is an algorithm introduced by Peter L. Montgomery in 1985 that computes products modulo an integer without division, enabling fast modular arithmetic in public-key cryptography.
Month
A month is a unit of time: one of the twelve periods dividing a year, or in astronomy a cycle of the Moon's motion, such as the 29.5-day synodic month.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is the flagship peer-reviewed astronomy journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, first published in 1827 and published by Oxford University Press.
Montmorillonite
Montmorillonite is a soft aluminum silicate clay mineral of the smectite group that swells when it takes up water, forms most of the rock bentonite, and is used in drilling muds and absorbents.
Montney Formation
The Montney Formation is a Lower Triassic, siltstone-dominated rock unit in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, spanning about 130,000 km² across northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, and is Canada's largest source of natural gas.
Monty Hall problem
The Monty Hall problem, also known as the Monty Hall paradox, is a probability puzzle in which switching doors after the host reveals a goat wins with probability 2/3.
Monzogranite
Monzogranite is a variety of granite, a coarse-grained plutonic igneous rock containing 20 to 60 percent quartz and roughly equal amounts of alkali feldspar and plagioclase, defined in the QAPF classification.