519,064 articles
Artificial heart valve
Artificial heart valve: prosthetic replacement for diseased native valves, mechanical or biological. First commercial device was the Starr-Edwards caged ball valve, implanted by Albert Starr in 1960; TAVR now delivers tissue valves by catheter.
Artificial hummingbird algorithm
The artificial hummingbird algorithm is a nature-inspired metaheuristic that finds global optima of numerical functions by mimicking hummingbird foraging, introduced by Zhao, Wang, and Mirjalili in 2022 and applied in engineering design.
Artificial immune algorithm
An artificial immune algorithm, or immune algorithm, is a bio-inspired optimization method mimicking clonal selection and hypermutation, applied to multimodal optimization, machine learning, and pattern recognition.
Artificial immune system
An artificial immune system (AIS) is a class of bio-inspired algorithms that turns immune models such as clonal and negative selection into tools for optimization, learning, and anomaly detection.
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination, also known as alternative insemination, is the placement of semen into a female's reproductive tract without mating, used in livestock breeding and human fertility treatment.
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of machine-based systems to infer from their inputs how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations, or decisions. The field began in 1956 at Dartmouth College.
Artificial Intelligence Act
The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) is a European Union regulation, adopted in 2024 and in force since August 2024, that is the world's first comprehensive AI law.
Artificial intelligence and elections
Artificial intelligence and elections covers AI chatbots answering voter questions, generative deepfakes and disinformation, AI use by election management bodies, auditing frameworks like CivicAudit-Bench, and governance guidance from UNDP, International IDEA, CISA, and the EAC.
Artificial intelligence and employment
Artificial intelligence and employment is the study of how AI and automation affect jobs, labor markets, wages, and workforce transitions; measured effects on employment and wages so far remain small.
Artificial intelligence arms race
The artificial intelligence arms race, or AI race, is the contested framing of competition among states, militaries, and technology companies to lead in artificial intelligence, especially frontier models.
Artificial intelligence art
Artificial intelligence art, also called AI-generated art or synthography, is imagery created with generative machine-learning systems, most commonly text-to-image diffusion models that produce pictures from written prompts.
Artificial Intelligence Cold War
The Artificial Intelligence Cold War, or AI Cold War, is a term framing US–China AI competition as a bipolar rivalry like the twentieth-century Cold War, an analogy scholars dispute.
Artificial intelligence controversies
Artificial intelligence controversies, also called AI controversies, are public disputes over the design, training, deployment, and governance of AI systems, covering bias, copyright, privacy, deepfakes, and labor displacement.
Artificial intelligence engineering
Artificial intelligence engineering, also known as AI engineering, is the discipline of building and maintaining software systems in which machine learning models perform a significant part of the function.
Artificial intelligence in education
Artificial intelligence in education, also called AIEd or AI in education, applies AI techniques such as intelligent tutoring systems and automated grading to teaching, learning, and school administration.
Artificial intelligence in healthcare
Artificial intelligence in healthcare, also called AI in healthcare, is the use of machine-learning systems for clinical tasks such as diagnosis, risk prediction, triage, and documentation.
Artificial intelligence in medicine
Artificial intelligence in medicine (AIM, medical AI): applying AI and machine learning to diagnosis, imaging, decision support, and drug discovery. Began in the 1970s with Dendral-era symbolic systems; today dominated by FDA-cleared radiology tools and large language models.
Artificial intelligence in spirituality
Artificial intelligence in spirituality, also known as AI mysticism, is the use of AI chatbots for spiritual guidance, prayer, and worship, a practice that grew rapidly after 2023.
Artificial intelligence in video games
Artificial intelligence in video games, also known as game AI, uses algorithms to create responsive behavior in non-player characters and game systems such as pathfinding and difficulty control.
Artificial intelligence industry in the United Kingdom
The artificial intelligence industry in the United Kingdom, among the largest in Europe, grew to 5,862 firms in 2024 and drew record £8.3 billion investment in 2025.
Artificial intelligence safety institute
An artificial intelligence safety institute is a publicly funded government body that evaluates AI systems for risks and advises policymakers, first established in late 2023.
Artificial intimacy
Artificial intimacy is emotional or romantic attachment between a person and an artificial system, most commonly a companion AI such as Replika or Character.AI, built to foster the illusion of social presence.
Artificial ion channel
An artificial ion channel is a synthetic molecular or nanoscale structure that conducts selected ions across a lipid bilayer, imitating natural channel proteins and pursued by chemists since the 1980s.
Artificial ion pump
An artificial ion pump is a synthetic, bioinspired system that transports ions against their concentration gradient across a membrane using energy from light, pH, or electricity.
Artificial island
Artificial island: a human-built island made by filling lakes or seas with rock, sand, or debris. Also called crannogs (ancient) or reclaimed islands. Ranges from Neolithic Scottish lake dwellings to modern megaprojects in Singapore, Hong Kong, Denmark, and the South China Sea.
Artificial kidney
Artificial kidney, or dialyzer, the filter in hemodialysis machines that cleans blood in kidney failure; first practical version by Willem Kolff in 1943; now also wearable and implantable bioartificial devices in development.
Artificial land
Artificial land, also called artificial surfaces or tehismaa, is land whose natural cover is replaced by built-up, often impervious human construction. Covers 4.1% of EU land, growing via urban expansion and coastal reclamation.
Artificial leaf
An artificial leaf is a wireless, self-contained device using sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, imitating a natural leaf's photosynthesis to produce fuel.
Artificial leather
Artificial leather, also called faux, synthetic, or vegan leather (leatherette), is a fabric- or nonwoven-based material with PVC, PU, or microfiber polymer coating imitating leather; patented from 1884, dominated by PU at 57.7% of the 2024 market.
Artificial life
Artificial life (ALife): field studying living systems synthetically via software, hardware, and wetware, begun mid-1980s from von Neumann's cellular automata; flagship journal Artificial Life (MIT Press, 1993), official journal of ISAL.