224 articles
Eritrean–Ethiopian War deportations
The Eritrean–Ethiopian War deportations were the mass forced removals of civilians by both governments during the 1998–2000 border war, with Ethiopia expelling about 75,000 people of Eritrean origin.
Évian Accords
The Évian Accords (accords d'Évian) were agreements signed on 18 March 1962 between France and the FLN, ending the Algerian War and setting Algeria's path to independence.
Executive Order 9066
Executive Order 9066, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorized military exclusion areas that led to the West Coast incarceration of about 120,000 Japanese Americans, rescinded in 1944 and formally terminated by Ford's 1976 proclamation.
Exodus of the Pieds-Noirs
The exodus of the Pieds-Noirs was the 1962 mass departure of nearly one million European settlers from French Algeria to France after the Algerian War.
Fallout from the Trinity nuclear test
Radioactive debris from the July 16, 1945 Trinity test, the first atomic bomb, in New Mexico: NCI dose reconstruction, projected excess cancers (mainly thyroid), unfissioned plutonium, no proven transgenerational effects, and RECA compensation exclusion.
First Vienna Award
The First Vienna Award, announced in Vienna on November 2, 1938, was a German-Italian arbitration transferring 11,927 km² of southern Slovakia from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria
Forced labour camps in Communist Bulgaria, formally called labor-educational communes (Trudovo-vazpitatelno obshtezhitie, TVO), were detention facilities where people were held without trial from 1944 until the late 1980s.
Friedrich Jeckeln
Friedrich August Jeckeln (1895–1946), SS-Obergruppenführer and Higher SS and Police Leader in Ukraine and Ostland, directed the Kamianets-Podilskyi, Babi Yar, and Rumbula massacres using the "Jeckeln System"; tried and hanged in Riga, 3 February 1946.
Gacaca court
The Gacaca courts were community courts in Rwanda, created in 2001 to try over one million cases from the 1994 genocide before closing in 2012.
Gaza humanitarian crisis
The Gaza Strip humanitarian crisis is the prolonged shortage of food, water, and health care affecting Gaza's 2.1 million residents since the war began in October 2023.
General Order No. 11 (1862)
Grant's December 17, 1862 General Order No. 11 expelled Jews as a class from the Department of the Tennessee over cotton-trade violations; revoked by Lincoln in January 1863, it later shadowed his 1868 presidential campaign. Distinct from Ewing's 1863 order.
German Instrument of Surrender
German Instrument of Surrender, the unconditional surrender document of Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht: signed at Reims 7 May 1945 by Jodl and definitively at Berlin-Karlshorst by Keitel, ending WWII in Europe at 23:01 CET, 8 May 1945.
German war crimes
German war crimes: atrocities by Nazi Germany's military and regime in World War II, including the Holocaust, Commissar Order killings, 3.3 million Soviet POW deaths, and 20 million forced laborers, prosecuted at the Nuremberg IMT and Subsequent Nuremberg Trials.
Greek Civil War child evacuations
The Greek Civil War child evacuations, known as the Paidomazoma, saw communists move thousands of children to Eastern Europe while the government placed others in paidopoleis.
Green Line (Israel)
Green Line: the 1949 armistice demarcation lines between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria, named for their green map color; Israel's de facto boundary until June 1967, later the reference line for land-for-peace proposals.
Guatemalan Peace Accords
The Guatemalan Peace Accords are the agreements signed between 1991 and 1996 by the Guatemalan government and the URNG guerrilla alliance, ending the country's 36-year internal armed conflict.
Hans Frank
Hans Frank (1900–1946) was a German lawyer, Hitler's personal legal advisor, head of the NSDAP legal office, and Governor General of occupied Poland 1939–1945; hanged at Nuremberg in 1946 for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Hans Münch
Hans Wilhelm Münch (1911–2002), Waffen-SS physician at the Rajsko Hygiene Institute near Auschwitz, tested prisoners for typhus and ran Block 10 streptococcus experiments; he was the sole acquitted defendant at the 1947 Kraków Auschwitz trial.
Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)
Heinrich Müller (1900, Munich; disappeared May 1945), called "Gestapo Müller," headed the Nazi Gestapo as RSHA Amt IV chief from 1939, oversaw Jewish deportation, attended Wannsee, and vanished in Berlin, his fate unresolved.
Herberts Cukurs
Herberts Cukurs (1900–1965), Latvian aviator and Arājs Kommando member called the Butcher of Riga, fled to Brazil after World War II and was assassinated by Mossad agents in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1965.
Horse Memorial
Horse Memorial, Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha): 1905 bronze and granite monument by Joseph Whitehead honoring horses that died in British service in the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902; Provincial Heritage Site on Cape Road.
Hutu Power
Hutu Power, a Rwandan extremist movement of the early 1990s promoting Hutu supremacy, coalition of MRND and CDR parties with Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias, organized the 1994 genocide of the Tutsi.
Hutu Ten Commandments
The Hutu Ten Commandments, also the Ten Commandments of the Bahutu, is a ten-point anti-Tutsi propaganda text published in Kangura in December 1990, whose publisher Hassan Ngeze was convicted of incitement to genocide.
Ilse Koch
Ilse Koch, born Margarete Ilse Köhler and known as the Witch of Buchenwald, was the wife of the Buchenwald camp commandant and a convicted Nazi war criminal.
Imperial War Museums
Imperial War Museums is a British national museum organization founded in 1917, operating five branches including IWM London, IWM Duxford, HMS Belfast, and Churchill War Rooms.
Independence of Zimbabwe
The independence of Zimbabwe was the transfer of power on 18 April 1980 to the newly named Republic of Zimbabwe, ending the white-minority Rhodesian state declared in 1965.
Indian National Army trials
Indian National Army trials (Red Fort trials, Azad Hind Fauj): British courts-martial at Delhi's Red Fort, November 1945 to May 1946, of Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon for waging war against the Empire; sentences remitted, triggering mutiny and hastening British withdrawal from India.
International Criminal Court investigations and cases by conflict
The International Criminal Court investigations and cases by conflict cover ICC probes from Uganda's 2004 LRA referral to the 2023 arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over Ukraine.
International Holocaust Remembrance Day
International Holocaust Remembrance Day, also known as International Holocaust Memorial Day, is a United Nations day of commemoration held on 27 January, the anniversary of the 1945 liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (極東国際軍事裁判)
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (極東国際軍事裁判), the Tokyo Trial: 1946–1948 Allied tribunal trying 28 Japanese leaders for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; seven hanged, Pal dissenting.