9,901 articles
Indian Patent Office
Indian Patent Office (IPO), part of the CGPDTM under DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, grants patents in India. Operates under the Patents Act, 1970 and Patents Rules, 2003; granted 33,504 patents in 2024-25.
Indian Penal Code
Indian Penal Code (IPC), Act No. 45 of 1860, India's principal criminal code drafted under Macaulay, 511 sections, in force 1861 to 2024, replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act, signed by Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorized land exchanges and removal treaties moving eastern Native tribes west of the Mississippi, leading to the Trail of Tears.
Indian Revenue Service
Indian Revenue Service (IRS), the Indian civil service administering income tax under CBDT and customs, excise, and GST under CBIC; formed as an independent Central Service in 1953, with UPSC recruitment and 16-month NADT training.
Indictable offence
Indictable offence: a criminal offence triable on indictment in a higher court, contrasted with summary offences. Covers England and Wales categories, Canadian hybrid offences, Australian Crimes Act thresholds, and US grand-jury usage.
Indictment
An indictment, also called a bill of indictment, is a formal written charge of a crime issued by a grand jury that finds probable cause.
Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet
Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet: the 1998 London detention of the former Chilean dictator on a Spanish warrant from Judge Baltasar Garzón, the House of Lords immunity rulings, and his 2000 release after 503 days.
Indictment and arrest of Julian Assange
US felony charges against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, first filed 2018 for conspiracy to hack a Pentagon password, expanded 2019 to 18 Espionage Act counts, ending in a June 2024 guilty plea and return to Australia.
Indictments against Donald Trump
Indictments against Donald Trump: four 2023 criminal indictments (New York hush money, federal classified documents, federal election interference, Georgia RICO), 91 charges, one conviction, later dismissals.
Indigenato
The Indigenato, formally Estatuto do Indigenato, was the Portuguese colonial statute dividing colonials into "civilized" citizens and "natives," forcing native labor from 1926 until its abolition in 1961.
Indigenous customary adoption in Canada
Indigenous customary adoption in Canada is adoption under a First Nations, Inuit, or Métis community's own customs, recognized by Canadian courts for over 40 years.
Indigenous land claims in Canada
Indigenous land claims in Canada comprise comprehensive claims (modern treaties, 26 signed since 1973 after Calder v. BC, covering over 40% of Canada) and specific claims (802 resolved, over $24.7 billion, through the 2008 Specific Claims Tribunal), alongside Aboriginal title litigation and First Nation land governance.
Indigenous self-government in Canada
Indigenous self-government in Canada, also known as Aboriginal self-government, is the law-making authority of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis governments, implemented through agreements under the Canadian Constitution.
Indigenous specific land claims in Canada
Indigenous specific land claims in Canada are grievances filed by First Nations against the federal government for failing obligations under pre-1975 treaties, separate from comprehensive land claims.
Indira Talwani
Indira Talwani, born 1960, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the District of Massachusetts since 2014, appointed by President Barack Obama.
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace
Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace, also the Indira-Mujib Treaty: a 25-year India-Bangladesh friendship treaty signed in Dacca on 19 March 1972 by Indira Gandhi and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, with 12 articles, notable security clauses in Articles 9-10, and expiration without renewal on 19 March 1997.
Indo-Seleucid treaty
The Indo-Seleucid treaty was the peace and friendship agreement of about 305–303 BCE between Chandragupta Maurya and Seleucus I Nicator, who ceded eastern satrapies for 500 war elephants.
Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation
The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, or Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty, was signed by India and the Soviet Union on August 9, 1971, during the East Pakistan crisis.
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations: bilateral ties across a 760 km New Guinea border, framed by the 1986 Treaty of Mutual Respect, the 1990 Basic Border Agreement, and the 2024 Defence Cooperation Agreement.
Indonesian constitutional amendments
The Indonesian constitutional amendments were four revisions of the 1945 Constitution enacted by the People's Consultative Assembly from 1999 to 2002, creating a liberal constitutional democracy.
Indonesian tax amnesty
The Indonesian tax amnesty (Pengampunan Pajak), under Law No. 11 of 2016, let taxpayers declare unreported assets for reduced fees and forgiveness of tax sanctions, running from July 2016 to March 2017.
Indrani Mukerjea
Indrani Mukerjea, also known as Pori Bora, is a former Indian media executive accused of murdering her daughter Sheena Bora, arrested in 2015 and granted bail in 2022.
Indus Waters Treaty
Indus Waters Treaty (IWT): 1960 World Bank-brokered India-Pakistan treaty dividing the Indus system, giving India the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej and Pakistan the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab; held in abeyance by India in April 2025 and contested before the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Industrial area
Industrial area: land allocated for industry in a town-planning scheme, distinct from UN-defined industrial zone, estate, and park; zoned, buffered from residences, and tracked in land use statistics.
Industrial espionage
Industrial espionage, also called economic or corporate espionage, is covert spying on competitors to steal trade secrets. Defined under the U.S. Economic Espionage Act (18 U.S.C. §§1831–1832); costs the U.S. economy hundreds of billions annually; methods include hacking, insiders, phishing, and AI-enabled tactics.
Inés Coronel Barreras
Inés Coronel Barreras (born 1968, Canelas, Durango), Mexican Sinaloa Cartel figure, father of El Chapo's wife Emma Coronel Aispuro; OFAC-sanctioned 2013, arrested in Agua Prieta, sentenced to 10 years in 2017.
Inevitable disclosure doctrine
The inevitable disclosure doctrine is a US trade secret law doctrine allowing courts to bar a departing employee from a new job that would inevitably rely on the former employer's trade secrets.
Infanticide
Infanticide is the killing of an infant, typically by a mother, also called neonaticide in the first day of life. A distinct offense under acts in about two dozen countries, notably England's 1922/1938 Infanticide Acts; the US has none.
Informant
Informant: a person supplying criminal information to law enforcement, also called a confidential informant (CI) or FBI confidential human source (CHS). Distinguished from tipsters by personal gain; governed by DOJ guidelines, with documented oversight failures.
Information Commissioner's Office
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) was the UK's independent data protection and freedom of information regulator, founded as the Data Protection Registrar in 1984, renamed in 2001, and succeeded by the Information Commission on 30 September 2026 under the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025.