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Intellectual Property Appellate Board
The Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) was an Indian quasi-judicial tribunal, seated in Chennai, that heard trademark, patent, and copyright appeals until its abolition in 2021.
Intellectual property in China
Intellectual property in China (知识产权): the statutory and judicial system protecting patents, trademarks, copyrights, and IC layout designs, built after 1978 and periodically revised, most recently through 2026 plans and rules.
Intellectual property law by jurisdiction
Intellectual property law by jurisdiction is the comparative study of how countries organize their patent, copyright, trademark, and design systems, and how treaties like TRIPS constrain them.
Intellectual property law journals and magazines
Intellectual property law journals and magazines are periodicals devoted to patent, trademark, and copyright law, ranging from peer-reviewed law reviews to trade magazines for IP professionals.
Intention (criminal law)
Intention (criminal law), or mens rea, is the mental state of aiming at a prohibited result or knowing it is virtually certain. Covers direct and oblique intent, Woollin, the Model Penal Code, dolus eventualis, and Rome Statute Article 30.
Intentional infliction of emotional distress
Intentional infliction of emotional distress (IIED), the tort of outrage, is a U.S. tort requiring extreme and outrageous conduct, intent or recklessness, and severe distress; limited by the First Amendment, Snyder v. Phelps, and defamation-overlap rules.
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
The Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (A-51), adopted at Cartagena de Indias on December 9, 1985 and in force February 28, 1987, is an OAS regional torture treaty with a definition broader than the UN Convention against Torture.
Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000
The Intercountry Adoption Act of 2000 is a US federal statute implementing the 1993 Hague Adoption Convention, designating the State Department as Central Authority and accrediting adoption providers.
Intercountry adoption in Canada
Intercountry adoption in Canada: Hague Convention party (ratified 1996, in force 1997). Provinces run adoptions, IRCC handles citizenship/immigration; two routes exist. China closed to non-Chinese adopters in 2024; Ethiopia, Russia, and others restrict or ban adoptions.
Intercountry adoption law in Commonwealth jurisdictions
Intercountry adoption law in Commonwealth jurisdictions governs adopting children from abroad in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand under the 1993 Hague Convention, including central authorities, costs, and citizenship recognition.
Intercountry adoption law of the United Kingdom
The intercountry adoption law of the United Kingdom governs adoptions with a foreign element, chiefly under section 83 of the Adoption and Children Act 2002 and the 2005 foreign-element regulations.
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF), also Organisation intergouvernementale pour les transports internationaux ferroviaires, is the Bern-based body created 1 May 1985 by COTIF 1980, amended by the 1999 Vilnius Protocol, maintaining uniform rail law appendices CIV, CIM, RID, CUV, CUI, APTU, and ATMF.
Interim Constitution of South Africa
The Interim Constitution of South Africa, formally Act 200 of 1993, was negotiated to end apartheid and governed the country from 27 April 1994 until 1997.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Договор о ликвидации ракет средней и меньшей дальности)
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, signed by Reagan and Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, banned U.S. and Soviet ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles of 500 to 5,500 km, eliminated 2,692 missiles by 1991, and ended August 2, 2019 after U.S. withdrawal over Russia's 9M729 missile.
Internal affairs (law enforcement)
Internal affairs (also professional standards department) is the police unit that investigates misconduct, brutality, and corruption within its own agency and recommends discipline, operating under external oversight bodies such as the UK IOPC.
Internal passport
Internal passport: a state-issued identity document controlling movement, residence, and services within a country, unlike the external passport; the Soviet 1932 system with propiska registration is the defining historical example.
Internal Revenue Code
The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), Title 26 of the U.S. Code, is U.S. federal statutory tax law, current version the 1986 Code as amended after the 1939 and 1954 Codes, administered by Treasury and the IRS.
Internal Revenue Code section 1031
Internal Revenue Code section 1031 (26 U.S.C. §1031), the like-kind exchange provision: defers gain or loss on exchanging investment or business real property for like-kind real property, via 45-day identification and 180-day completion deadlines, qualified intermediaries, carryover basis, and the 2017 restriction to real property.
Internal Revenue Service
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), US Treasury agency administering the Internal Revenue Code since 1862 (named IRS in 1953); collected $4.7 trillion in FY 2023, estimated a $496 billion annual tax gap for 2014-2016, and lost about a quarter of its workforce in 2025.
International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos: the 1962 Geneva Declaration and Protocol signed July 23, 1962 by 13 powers plus Laos, guaranteeing a neutral Laos under Canadian-Indian-Polish supervision; it collapsed by 1963.
International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property
The International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI) is a politically neutral, non-profit association based in Zurich, Switzerland, founded in 1897, with over 8,000 members in more than 110 countries.
International Bar Association
The International Bar Association (IBA), founded in New York in 1947, is an organization of bar associations and lawyers promoting justice under the rule of law.
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is a World Bank Group institution, established in 1966, that arbitrates investment disputes between states and foreign investors.
International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala
The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (Comisión Internacional contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, CICIG) was a UN-backed body that investigated criminal organizations in Guatemala from 2007 to 2019.
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
ICPPED, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, is a UN treaty adopted 20 December 2006, in force 23 December 2010, monitored by the 10-member Committee on Enforced Disappearances with urgent action, complaint, and visit procedures.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
ICERD (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, also CERD) is the 1965 UN treaty defining racial discrimination, requiring its elimination, supervised by the CERD Committee with 182 parties.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice, the UN's principal judicial organ in The Hague, settles legal disputes between States and issues advisory opinions; 15 judges, English and French official languages, consent-based jurisdiction, successor to the 1921 PCIJ.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a 1966 UN treaty in force since 1976 with 175 parties, guarantees civil and political rights and is monitored by the 18-member Human Rights Committee.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), one of the two 1966 human rights Covenants, guarantees work, social security, health, education, and cultural rights; 173 states parties, monitored by the CESCR.
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Court (ICC), permanent tribunal in The Hague under the 1998 Rome Statute, in force 2002, trying genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression; 125 states parties; complementarity principle; US sanctions and 2026 leadership crises.