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Information Technology Act, 2000
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी अधिनियम, 2000), Act No. 21 of 2000, is India's foundational cyberlaw, in force 17 October 2000, legalizing electronic records and signatures, creating cyber offences, and amended by the 2008 Act.
Inge P. Johnson
Inge Prytz Johnson, born 1945 in Denmark, is a retired American judge who served on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama from 1998 to 2012.
Inheritance
Inheritance is property passing to heirs at death, chiefly through intestacy when there is no valid will. Covers intestate succession, Islamic, common law, and civil law systems, forced heirship, women's inheritance rights, and EU succession rules.
Inheritance law in Switzerland
Swiss inheritance law, part of the Civil Code, was revised with effect 1 January 2023: descendants' compulsory portion cut to 1/2, parents' abolished, giving testators a freely disposable half of the estate.
Inheritance tax
Inheritance tax (death duty, estate tax) is a tax on wealth transferred at death, levied on heirs (inheritance tax) or the whole estate (estate tax). Levied in 24 of 36 OECD countries but raising only 0.5% of tax revenues.
Injunction
Injunction: an equitable court order directing a party to do or stop doing something, used when damages are inadequate; forms include the TRO, preliminary injunction, and permanent injunction, with Roman and Chancery origins.
Inner Six
Inner Six: Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, founding members of the ECSC (1951) and EEC (1957), later contrasted with EFTA's Outer Seven.
Inner Temple
The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple is one of the four Inns of Court of England and Wales, on the eastern half of the London Temple site, first named in 1388, governing barrister training and sharing the Temple Church with Middle Temple.
Innocence Project
The Innocence Project, founded 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld at Cardozo School of Law, is a national litigation and policy nonprofit using DNA testing to exonerate the wrongfully convicted; 205 DNA exonerations of clients and leader of the 70-member Innocence Network.
Inns of Court
The Inns of Court are four London legal societies: Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple. Unincorporated since the 14th century, they alone call barristers to the Bar of England and Wales and run qualifying sessions, dining, libraries, and scholarships.
Inquests in England and Wales
An inquest in England and Wales is a coroner's public hearing into a death, establishing who died and how, when, and where, without assigning blame.
Inquiries Act 2005
Inquiries Act 2005 (2005 c. 12), UK statute governing statutory public inquiries; replaced the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921, lets ministers alone establish inquiries, bars liability determinations, and empowers chairs to compel sworn evidence.
Inquisition
The Inquisition, also called the Holy Inquisition, was a set of Catholic tribunals established to discover and punish heresy, active from the thirteenth century into the nineteenth.
Inquisitorial system
Inquisitorial system: judge-led criminal procedure model of civil-law and Islamic-law countries, also called processus per inquisitionem, in which a judicial officer investigates, gathers evidence, and questions witnesses, contrasting with the adversarial common-law model.
Insanity
Insanity is a legal construct for assessing criminal responsibility. The insanity defense, from M'Naghten (1843) through Durham, the Model Penal Code, and Kahler v. Kansas, excuses defendants whose mental disease negated culpability.
Insanity defense
Insanity defense: criminal law plea that mental illness at the time of the offense negates criminal responsibility. Tests include M'Naghten, irresistible impulse, Durham, and MPC; narrowed after Hinckley's 1982 acquittal; abolished in four states.
Inside Man
Inside Man (2006) is Spike Lee's heist thriller starring Denzel Washington, Clive Owen, and Jodie Foster, written by first-timer Russell Gewirtz, produced by Brian Grazer, grossing $88.5M in the US.
Insider trading
Insider trading, also called insider dealing, is buying or selling a security while violating a fiduciary duty by using material nonpublic information, and is a top SEC enforcement priority.
Inslaw
Inslaw, Inc., Washington D.C. software firm of William and Nancy Hamilton, developed the PROMIS case-management system; its dispute with the Justice Department led to bankruptcy, the 1987 Bason ruling, and congressional investigations.
Insolvency
Insolvency: the financial state of a debtor unable to pay debts as they mature or with liabilities exceeding fair-market asset values. Distinct from bankruptcy procedures; traced to England's 1542 Act, governed today by UNCITRAL and World Bank ICR standards.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (दिवाला और दिवालियापन संहिता, 2016)
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (दिवाला और दिवालियापन संहिता, 2016), or IBC, is India's consolidated insolvency law, Act No. 31 of 2016, creating a creditor-in-control, time-bound CIRP under NCLT with IBBI as regulator, replacing fragmented pre-2016 insolvency statutes.
Instant customary international law
Instant customary international law is Bin Cheng's 1965 thesis that custom can form without prolonged usage if opinio juris is widespread, a claim the International Law Commission rejects.
Insular Cases
Insular Cases: 1901–1922 Supreme Court decisions (DeLima, Dooley, Downes v. Bidwell, Dorr, Balzac) creating territorial incorporation, under which constitutional rights apply only selectively in unincorporated US territories like Puerto Rico.
Insult (offence against honour)
Insult (offence against honour), or injure/Beleidigung, is a legal offence punishing speech intended to offend a person's honour or dignity, distinct from defamation because no specific fact is asserted and truth is no defence; over 160 countries retain related criminal laws.
Insurance fraud
Insurance fraud is deliberate deception by insurers, agents, adjusters, or consumers to obtain illegitimate gains, spanning hard and soft fraud, staged accidents, and application lies; it costs U.S. consumers an estimated $308.6 billion a year.
Insurance policy
Insurance policy: the written contract between insurer and insured setting premiums, deductibles, coverage, exclusions, and limits; Hammurabi-era origins; adhesion-contract law and NAIC consumer terms.
Insurrection Act of 1807
Insurrection Act of 1807: U.S. federal law signed by Jefferson letting the president deploy the military domestically; amalgamation of 1792–1871 statutes, primary exception to the Posse Comitatus Act, invoked about 30 times, last in 1992 Los Angeles riots.
Integrated bar
An integrated bar, also called a mandatory or unified bar, is a state bar association that every lawyer must join and fund as a condition of practicing law in that state.
IntelBroker
IntelBroker: online handle of alleged data-breach broker Kai Logan West, a/k/a Kyle Northern, a 25-year-old British national arrested in France in February 2025 and indicted in the U.S. Southern District of New York for selling stolen data on BreachForums.
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is a system of legal rights covering creations of the mind, including patents, trademarks, and copyrights. It is governed by international treaties like the Paris Convention.