9,901 articles
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR, TPIR) was the UN ad hoc court created by resolution 955 (8 November 1994) in Arusha to try 1994 Rwandan genocide perpetrators; it indicted 93, prosecuted 73, set genocide and rape-as-genocide precedents, and closed 31 December 2015.
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a UN court established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia since 1991.
International Driving Permit
International Driving Permit (IDP), sometimes called an international driver's license: an official translation booklet of a national driver's license issued under the 1949 Geneva and 1968 Vienna road traffic conventions, valid one year, issued by authorized bodies such as AAA, AATA, and CAA.
International human rights law
International human rights law: the body of treaties, custom, and UN and regional institutions, built on the 1948 Universal Declaration and the ICCPR and ICESCR Covenants, imposing respect, protect, and fulfil obligations on States and monitored by ten treaty bodies.
International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (IHFFC) is a permanent treaty body, established in 1991 under Article 90 of Additional Protocol I, that investigates serious violations of international humanitarian law.
International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL), also called the law of armed conflict or law of war, is the branch of international law protecting civilians, wounded, and prisoners in wartime and restricting weapons and methods, built on the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols, and customary rules.
International law
International law: the rules governing relations between states and international organizations, based on treaties, custom, and general principles under ICJ Statute Article 38, administered through institutions descending from the League of Nations and the United Nations.
International Law Association
International Law Association (ILA), founded in Brussels on 13 October 1873 as the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations; international NGO for study and development of public and private international law, with about 5,000 members, UN consultative status, committees, and biennial conferences.
International Law Commission
The International Law Commission is a UN General Assembly subsidiary organ, established in 1947 under its statute to promote the progressive development of international law and its codification through draft articles, conclusions, and guidelines.
International law journals
International law journals are scholarly periodicals devoted to research in public and private international law, growing from about 100 articles per year in 1900 to nearly 6,000 in 2020.
International law organizations: overview and history
International law organizations are private scientific associations that develop the law of nations, embodied by the International Law Association and the Institut de Droit International, both founded in 1873.
International matrimonial law
International matrimonial law: treaty rules and private international law governing cross-border marriage, divorce, and matrimonial property, centered on Hague Conference conventions (1902, 1970, 1978), the 1962 UN marriage convention, and EU Regulation 2019/1111.
International Monitoring System (CTBTO)
The International Monitoring System is the CTBTO's global network of 337 stations and laboratories in 89 countries, built to detect nuclear explosions underground, underwater, or in the atmosphere.
International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation
International Penal and Penitentiary Foundation (IPPF, FIPP), a Swiss-law foundation in Bern founded 1951 from the 1872 International Prison Commission; sui generis UN-linked body that shaped the Nelson Mandela and Tokyo Rules and holds expert colloquia on penal policy.
International Rescue Committee
International Rescue Committee (IRC), founded 1933 at Albert Einstein's suggestion, is a New York-based humanitarian NGO working in over 40 countries and 28 U.S. cities, aiding refugees and crisis-affected people and resettling up to 10,000 refugees yearly.
International Review of the Red Cross
International Review of the Red Cross: peer-reviewed ICRC journal published by Cambridge University Press, founded 1869 as the Bulletin International des Sociétés de Secours aux Militaires Blessés; covers humanitarian law, policy and action, three issues yearly.
International sanctions
International sanctions: coercive non-military measures, chiefly UN Security Council regimes under Chapter VII Article 41, using arms embargoes, travel bans, and asset freezes; 31 regimes since 1966, 15 active.
International tax planning
International tax planning: arranging cross-border business and income flows to reduce taxes legally, via transfer pricing, treaty shopping, and foreign subsidiaries; countered by OECD/G20 BEPS measures, the Two-Pillar Solution, and a global minimum tax for MNEs over EUR 750 million revenue.
International taxation
International taxation is the body of rules, treaties, and practices governing how cross-border income is taxed when two or more countries claim jurisdiction over the same taxpayer.
International Traffic in Arms Regulations
The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) are United States regulations governing the export and import of defense articles and services, administered by the State Department's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls.
International vehicle registration code
International vehicle registration codes are the one-to-three-letter distinguishing signs (D, GB/UK, FIN) that states notify to the UN under the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Annex 3 and display on vehicles in international traffic.
Internet censorship
Internet censorship is the suppression of online access or expression by governments, institutions, or platforms. Key techniques include DNS manipulation, IP blocking, deep packet inspection, and shutdowns; global internet freedom has declined 15 consecutive years (Freedom House 2025).
Internet fraud
Internet fraud is deception via digital channels to steal money, data, or identities. Also called cyber-enabled fraud or online scams; includes phishing, romance, investment, and business email compromise scams, with $16.6 billion in US losses reported to the FBI in 2024.
Internet homicide
Internet homicide: killings in which the internet or social media plays a role, as an encyclopedia, platform, trigger, marketplace, or meeting place for perpetrators. Studies find such cases largely replicate existing homicide forms, not unique crime types.
Internment camps in Hungary
Internment camps in Hungary were extrajudicial detention facilities run by the communist regime under Mátyás Rákosi from 1945 to 1953, holding people deemed dangerous without trial.
Interpol
Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization, ICPO-INTERPOL) is an intergovernmental body founded in Vienna in 1923, headquartered in Lyon, with 196 member countries, Red Notices, and no arrest powers of its own.
Interpol notice
Interpol notice: a colour-coded international police alert issued by INTERPOL's General Secretariat, including the Red Notice for wanted persons, which is a cooperation request, not an arrest warrant.
Interrogation
Interrogation, the custodial questioning of suspects by police, spans the coercive third degree, the 1966 Miranda warnings, accusatorial methods like the Reid technique, and information-gathering models such as PEACE, with false confessions contributing to roughly 12% of US wrongful convictions.
Interspousal immunity
Interspousal immunity is a common-law doctrine that bars one spouse from bringing a tort suit against the other for personal injuries, resting on the old fiction that husband and wife are one legal person.
Interstate and international recognition of protective orders
Interstate and international recognition of protective orders is how protective orders issued in one state, tribe, or country are enforced elsewhere, chiefly through VAWA's full-faith-and-credit rule.