127,669 articles
Roman lead poisoning theory
Roman lead poisoning theory holds that lead pipes, cookware, and sweetened wine poisoned Roman elites and helped cause the Empire's fall. Nriagu's 1983 paper and Gilfillan's 1965 argument popularized it; geochemical and skeletal evidence shows real exposure but not catastrophic poisoning.
Roman legion
Roman legion (Latin legio): the principal heavy-infantry unit of the Roman army, evolving from a citizen levy into 4,000–6,000-man professional formations; manipular then cohortal organization; 25 legions at Augustus's death, eclipsed by cavalry by late antiquity.
Roman magistrate
Roman magistrate (magistratus): elected or appointed executive official of the Roman state. Ordinary magistrates (consuls, praetors, quaestors, aediles, censors, tribunes) versus extraordinary ones (dictator, interrex); potestas and imperium, cursus honorum, annual tenure, tribunician veto.
Roman military personal equipment
Roman military personal equipment: the clothing, weapons, and armor of the individual Roman soldier, from the citizen militia's self-supplied hoplite kit to the Marian legionary's pilum, gladius, scutum, and lorica segmentata, hamata, or squamata armor, and its late Roman replacement by the spatha and field-army equipment.
Roman Missal
The Roman Missal, in Latin Missale Romanum, is the liturgical book of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church containing the prayers and rubrics for celebrating Mass.
Roman mythology
Roman mythology: the myths of ancient Rome's gods and founders, from native numina like Janus and Vesta through Greek-identified Jupiter, Mars, and Venus. Key stories: Romulus and Remus, the Aeneid, Ovid's Fasti; defined by ritual practice over belief.
Roman naming conventions
Roman naming conventions: the tria nomina system of praenomen, nomen gentilicium, and cognomen used by Roman citizens, its Etruscan-derived family name, status-marking formulas for slaves and freedmen, and its evolution to single late antique names.
Roman occupation of Sardinia (238 BC)
The Roman occupation of Sardinia was the seizure of the island by the Roman Republic in 238 BC, during Carthage's Mercenary War, outside the treaty terms.
Roman people
The Roman people (Populus Romanus, SPQR) were the citizen community of the Roman state, expanded from the city of Rome through Italian enfranchisement after the Social War to Caracalla's 212 CE grant of citizenship to nearly all free inhabitants of the empire.
Roman Polanski sexual abuse case
The Roman Polanski sexual abuse case is a 1977 California prosecution in which director Roman Polanski pleaded guilty to unlawful intercourse with 13-year-old Samantha Geimer, then fled the United States in 1978.
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (res publica) was Rome's state from the expulsion of its kings in 509 BCE to the fall of the republican system by 27 BCE, governed by annual consuls, tribunes with veto power, assemblies, and the Senate.
Roman Rite
The Roman Rite, also called the Roman Liturgy, is the Catholic manner of celebrating Mass, sacraments, and the Divine Office as used in the Diocese of Rome.
Roman Romaniuk
Roman Romaniuk is a Ukrainian journalist and public official, born in Lutsk, who has served as Acting Head of the Volyn Oblast State Administration since 2026 after writing on Ukrainian weapons.
Roman Romanyuk
Roman Romanyuk, born 1985, is a Ukrainian politician and former deputy head of the Volyn Oblast Military Administration, appointed acting head of the Volyn Oblast State Administration by presidential decree in January 2026.
Roman Saini
Roman Saini is an Indian physician and former IAS officer who co-founded Unacademy, one of India's largest ed-tech companies, after clearing the AIIMS entrance at 16.
Roman salute
The Roman salute (saluto romano) is the raised right arm, palm down, claimed as ancient Roman but actually a modern invention traced to David's 1784 Oath of the Horatii and adopted by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany; banned in Germany, conditionally illegal in Italy.
Roman Senate
The Roman Senate (senatus) was Rome's council of elders, originally the king's advisory body and later the Republic's dominant organ. It held auctoritas, not legislative power; senatus consulta were advisory decrees guiding finance, foreign policy, and provinces.
Roman Shukhevych
Roman Shukhevych (Роман Шухевич) was a Ukrainian nationalist leader who commanded the Ukrainian Insurgent Army from 1943 and was killed by Soviet security forces near Lviv in 1950.
Roman succession law
Roman succession law is the body of Roman private law determining who took a deceased person's estate, developing through Twelve Tables, praetorian, and Justinianic regimes whose concepts survive in modern succession law.
Roman the Great
Roman the Great (Роман Мстиславич) was a Rus' prince who united Galicia and Volhynia in 1199, seized Kiev in 1202, and died in battle against the Poles in 1205.
Roman triumph
Roman triumph (triumphus), the highest Roman military honor: a Senate-voted procession of a victorious general in a four-horse chariot through Rome to Jupiter's Capitol temple, with spoils and captives; distinct from the lesser ovation.
Roman ultimatum of 149 BC
The Roman ultimatum of 149 BC was Rome's staged set of demands on surrendered Carthage, whose refusal to abandon its city opened the Third Punic War.
Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (Роман фон Унгерн-Штернберг)
Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (Роман фон Унгерн-Штернберг, 1885/1886–1921), the Baltic German "Mad Baron," was a tsarist cavalry officer and White warlord who seized Urga in February 1921, restored the Bogd Khan, ruled Mongolia brutally, and was captured and executed by the Red Army in September 1921.
Roman-Parthian War of 58-63
The Roman-Parthian War of 58-63 (جنگ روم و اشکانیان) was fought between Rome and Parthia over the Armenian throne, ending in the Treaty of Rhandeia in 63.
Roman–Carthaginian treaty (279 BC)
The Roman–Carthaginian treaty of 279 BC was the third treaty between Rome and Carthage recorded by Polybius, a mutual-assistance pact concluded during Pyrrhus of Epirus's campaign in Italy and Sicily.
Roman–Carthaginian treaty (306 BC)
The Roman–Carthaginian treaty of 306 BC, also called the third treaty between Rome and Carthage, is a renewal reported by Livy in a single sentence, with no text preserved.
Roman–Carthaginian treaty (348 BC)
The Roman–Carthaginian treaty of 348 BC was the second of the Rome–Carthage treaties recorded by Polybius, renewing the first and adjusting the two states' commercial spheres in the western Mediterranean.
Roman–Carthaginian treaty (509 BC)
The Roman–Carthaginian treaty of 509 BC, the earliest recorded between Rome and Carthage, restricted Roman trade and navigation in Carthaginian waters and is preserved in Polybius' Histories.
Roman–Etruscan Wars
Roman–Etruscan Wars: conflicts between Rome and the Etruscan city-states, culminating in Veii's capture in 396 BC after a ten-year siege under Camillus, defeat of Etruscan-Gaul coalitions at Sentinum (295) and Lake Vadimo (283), and Roman citizenship for the Etruscans after the Social War.
Roman–Parthian War of 161–166
The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 was fought between the Roman Empire under Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus and Parthia under Vologases IV, ending with the sack of Ctesiphon and the Antonine Plague.