All articles starting with L

Liquid fermentation (biotechnology)

Liquid fermentation, also called submerged fermentation, grows microorganisms suspended in a liquid nutrient medium inside a bioreactor, and is the most common industrial fermentation process.

Liquid fluoride thorium reactor

The liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) is a proposed molten salt reactor that breeds fertile thorium-232 into fissile uranium-233 in liquid fluoride fuel salt, descending from Oak Ridge's 1950s molten salt work.

Liquid fluorine

Liquid fluorine is elemental fluorine cooled into a cryogenic liquid, used as a rocket oxidizer that outperforms oxygen but was never adopted operationally because of toxicity and corrosive exhaust.

Liquid Glass

Liquid Glass is a translucent design material Apple introduced at WWDC in 2025 as the shared visual language of iOS 26, iPadOS 26, and macOS Tahoe 26.

Liquid helium

Liquid helium is the liquid state of the element helium, which exists only at cryogenic temperatures; first liquefied in 1908, helium-4 becomes a superfluid below about 2.17 K.

Liquid hydrogen

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is hydrogen cooled below its −252.8 °C boiling point, about 850 times denser than the gas and used as a common rocket propellant.

Liquid hydrogen tank

A liquid hydrogen tank is a double-walled, vacuum-insulated cryogenic pressure vessel storing hydrogen at about −253 °C, used for bulk storage, transport, and rocket propellant.

Liquid junction potential

The liquid junction potential, or diffusion potential, is the electric potential difference at the boundary between two electrolyte solutions of different composition, caused by ions diffusing at different speeds.

Oct 21, 2026

Liquid manure

Liquid manure (slurry): pumpable manure from housed livestock, 80-95% moisture, stored anaerobically in tanks or lagoons, and applied by broadcast, band spreading, or shallow and deep injection to cut ammonia loss.

Liquid metal

A liquid metal is a metal or alloy that is molten, either at room temperature like mercury and gallium or when heated, used as reactor coolants and battery electrodes.

Liquid metal elastomer composites

Liquid metal elastomer composites, also called liquid metal embedded elastomers (LMEEs), are soft materials that disperse droplets of liquid gallium alloys in rubber, conducting electricity while stretching.

Liquid metal electronics

Liquid metal electronics are electronic circuits, sensors, and thermal interfaces built from gallium alloys liquid at room temperature, such as EGaIn and Galinstan, enabling stretchable, self-healing wearable and soft-robotic devices.

Liquid metal plasma-facing components

Liquid metal plasma-facing components are divertor and first-wall surfaces in magnetic confinement fusion devices faced with molten metals, most often lithium, tin, or gallium, which self-renew and resist neutron damage.

Liquid metal reconfigurable electronics

Liquid metal reconfigurable electronics are circuits, antennas, and sensors built from liquid gallium alloys like EGaIn and Galinstan, whose shape and electrical function change mechanically, electrically, or thermally.

Liquid metal thermal energy storage

Liquid metal thermal energy storage is a high-temperature storage method in which molten metals such as sodium, lead, or tin move heat into and out of a solid storage medium.

Liquid metal–organic frameworks

A liquid metal–organic framework (MOF liquid) is a metal–organic framework melted while keeping coordination bonds and porosity, first well characterized from a zeolitic imidazolate framework in 2017.

Liquid Mike

Liquid Mike is an indie rock/power pop band from Marquette, Michigan, formed around 2020 by Mike Maple, also known as the USPS letter carrier frontman. Six albums including S/T (2023), Paul Bunyan's Slingshot (2024), and Hell Is an Airport (2025); distinct from the Hawaii metal band liquid.

Liquid neural network

A liquid neural network is a recurrent neural network whose hidden units follow differential equations with input-dependent time constants, letting the network adapt continuously to new data.

Liquid nitrogen

Liquid nitrogen (LN₂) is nitrogen gas liquefied into a colorless, nonflammable cryogenic liquid that boils at −195.8 °C and expands about 700-fold on evaporation, used for cryopreservation, cooling MRI magnets, and freezing foods.

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are organic liquids that store hydrogen by reversible catalytic bonding, allowing transport at ambient temperature and pressure using existing fuel infrastructure.

Liquid oxygen

Liquid oxygen (LOX) is a cryogenic fluid used medically, industrially, and as a rocket oxidizer. It is produced by cooling and separating oxygen from nitrogen in air.

Liquid packaging board

Liquid packaging board (LPB) is a food-grade paperboard made from virgin wood fiber and laminated with polyethylene, sometimes with aluminum foil, to hold milk, juice, and other liquid foods in cartons.

Liquid paraffin (drug)

Liquid paraffin (mineral oil, Paraffinum liquidum) is a petroleum-derived saturated hydrocarbon mixture used as a lubricant laxative for constipation; key hazards are lipoid pneumonia from aspiration and fat-soluble vitamin malabsorption.

Liquid phase deposition

Liquid phase deposition (LPD) is a solution-based thin-film method in which oxide films form on a substrate by controlled precipitation from an aqueous solution below 100 °C.

Liquid phase sintering

Liquid phase sintering is a powder-metallurgy process in which a liquid phase densifies powder particles into a solid component, faster and at lower temperatures than solid-state sintering.

Liquid Piston Compression

Liquid piston compression is a method of compressing gas in which a pumped liquid column, usually water, displaces the gas, removing heat efficiently for near-isothermal compressed air energy storage.

Liquid piston compressor

A liquid piston compressor is a positive-displacement gas compressor in which a rising liquid column displaces and compresses the gas, replacing the solid piston and crankshaft.

Liquid scintillation counting

Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a radiometric technique in which a radioactive sample dissolved in a scintillation cocktail is counted, standard for tritium and carbon-14.

Liquid silicon infiltration

Liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) is a fabrication process in which capillary forces draw molten silicon into porous carbon preforms, forming dense silicon carbide and ceramic composites.