All articles starting with P

Probability-based online panel

A probability-based online panel is a group recruited by random sampling from a known frame who take repeated surveys, unlike opt-in panels whose members volunteer.

Probability-generating function

A probability-generating function, or PGF, is a power series encoding the probability mass function of a nonnegative integer-valued random variable, used in branching processes and queueing.

Probability-proportional-to-size sampling

Probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) sampling is a survey design in which each unit's selection probability is proportional to a known size measure, standard in two-stage household surveys.

Probable 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose-phosphoundecaprenol flippase subunit ArnF

ArnF (Flippase_ArnF, InterPro IPR022832), formerly PmrM, is a predicted four-transmembrane bacterial inner-membrane protein that with ArnE forms the heterodimeric flippase translocating undecaprenyl phosphate-L-Ara4N, enabling lipid A modification and polymyxin resistance in E. coli and Salmonella.

Probable cause

Probable cause is the Fourth Amendment standard, undefined in the Constitution's text, that must generally be met before US police arrest, search, or obtain a warrant; governed by the Illinois v. Gates totality-of-the-circumstances test.

Probable maximum flood

The probable maximum flood (PMF) is the flood resulting from the most severe meteorological and hydrologic conditions reasonably possible for a drainage basin, used as the upper-limit design flood for high-hazard dams.

Probable maximum precipitation

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is the greatest rainfall depth meteorologically possible at a location, the design basis for extreme floods at dams and nuclear plants.

Probable peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase FtsW

FtsW, also called probable peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase FtsW, is an essential SEDS-family bacterial membrane protein that polymerizes Lipid II into septal peptidoglycan during cell division, active only with its cognate class B penicillin-binding protein.

Probable peptidoglycan hydrolase Woldo

Woldo (UniProt J2ZZK6) is a zoocin A-like peptidoglycan hydrolase from the halophilic archaeon Halogranum salarium B-1; secreted via Tat pathway, it bactericidally kills Halalkalibacterium halodurans, distinct from its companion enzyme Danwoldo.

Probable transporter, C-terminal domain

Probable transporter, C-terminal domain (Transporter_C) is a Pfam protein domain found at the C-termini of diverse transporters, including archaeal mechanosensitive channels, CNNM magnesium/cobalt exporters, and bacterial ABC transporter proteins.

Probably approximately correct learning

Probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a mathematical model of learning from examples, introduced by Leslie Valiant in 1984, requiring small error with high probability.

ProbablyMonsters

ProbablyMonsters is an independent video game company founded in 2016 in Bellevue, Washington, by Harold Ryan, former CEO of Bungie, and still operating as of 2026.

Probarbus jullieni

Probarbus jullieni, Jullien's golden carp or isok barb (ikan temoleh), a large Mekong basin cyprinid up to 150 cm and 70 kg, spawning in winter; IUCN Critically Endangered and CITES Appendix I.

Probate

Probate is the court process of proving a will and administering a deceased person's estate. Rooted in English ecclesiastical courts before the 1857 Court of Probate Act, it varies widely across US states and now runs largely online in England and Wales.

Probate court

Probate court: tribunal with jurisdiction over probate of wills and administration of decedents' estates, also called surrogate, orphans', or ordinary courts; descended from English ecclesiastical and chancery courts, structurally diverse across US states, and increasingly consolidated or digitized.

Probate research

Probate research: investigating court records created after death to validate wills and distribute estates. Also heir hunting; uses wills, administrations, inventories; records held at county/surrogate courts (US) or probate registries (UK, Ireland).

Probation

Probation, from Latin probare (to test), is a court sentence served in the community under conditions and a probation officer instead of jail; founded by John Augustus in Boston in 1841, first codified in Massachusetts in 1878.

Probation (workplace)

Probation, also known as a probationary period, is an initial phase of employment in which employer and employee assess the fit, often with shorter notice periods.

Probationary driver licence

A probationary driver license is a restricted license for newly tested drivers, the middle stage of graduated driver licensing in countries including Australia, Canada, and the UK.

Probenazole

Probenazole (Oryzemate, 3-allyloxy-1,2-benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide) is a Japanese rice fungicide, the first induced-resistance plant defense activator, registered 1974 by Meiji Seika, activating salicylic acid SAR signaling.

Probenecid

Probenecid (Benemid) is a uricosuric, OAT1/OAT3/URAT1-inhibiting drug introduced in 1950 to prolong penicillin, now a second-line gout urate-lowering agent with research uses in neurology and cardiology.

Probing classifier

A probing classifier is a small supervised model trained on a frozen neural network's internal activations to predict properties like part of speech, introduced by Alain and Bengio in 2016.