774 articles
Sphyrna lewini
Sphyrna lewini, the scalloped hammerhead shark (Griffith & Smith, 1834), a circumglobal hammerhead with a notched cephalofoil; IUCN Critically Endangered with over 80% declines, listed on CITES Appendix II (2013) and CMS Appendix II (2014).
Sphyrna zygaena
Sphyrna zygaena, the smooth hammerhead, is a large (to 400 cm) hammerhead shark of worldwide temperate seas, identified by a cephalofoil lacking a central notch; IUCN Vulnerable, CITES Appendix II.
Spiny dogfish
Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), also spurdog or piked dogfish: small venom-spined cold-temperate shark with 18–24 month gestation, IUCN Vulnerable; North Pacific form is the separate species S. suckleyi.
Spondyliosoma cantharus
Spondyliosoma cantharus, the black seabream (Sparus cantharus), is an eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean sparid fish, a protogynous hermaphrodite food fish reaching 60 cm, IUCN Least Concern, with regionally structured populations.
Spotted eagle ray
Spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus ocellatus), formerly part of the A. narinari complex, is a large Indo-West Pacific eagle ray to 330 cm DW, Vulnerable/Endangered from fishing and habitat loss, with 1-4 pups per litter and 12-month gestation.
Sprat
Sprat (Sprattus sprattus, European sprat, brisling) is a small clupeid forage fish of the Northeast Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea; a zooplankton predator, prey for fish, seabirds, and mammals, and a major fishmeal and canned-fish species.
Squalidae
Squalidae, dogfish sharks, family of Squaliformes with genera Squalus and Cirrhigaleus, about 30-33 species in Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans; sister to all other squaliform families.
Squalius cephalus
Squalius cephalus, the European chub, is a Leuciscidae freshwater fish native to most of Europe, reaching 60 cm and 8 kg, spawning over gravel in fast rivers, IUCN Least Concern.
Steelhead
Steelhead are the anadromous ocean-migrating form of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, not a separate species. Distinguished by iteroparous repeat spawning, up to 30 lb size, 11 ESA-listed West Coast DPSs, and hatchery-wild genetic management issues.
Stenodus leucichthys
Stenodus leucichthys, the inconnu, sheefish, or beloribitsa (белорыбица), is the largest coregonine whitefish (Salmonidae), with a Caspian subspecies extinct in the wild and a Holarctic nelma form from Russia to northwest Canada.
Stenotomus chrysops
Stenotomus chrysops, the scup or porgy, is a Northwest Atlantic sparid fish ranging from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, migratory inshore in summer and offshore in winter, and managed under a rebuilt, MSC-certified U.S. fishery.
Stephanolepis cirrhifer
Stephanolepis cirrhifer, the thread-sail filefish (Japanese kawahagi, Korean jwi-chi), is a western Pacific filefish of Monacanthidae from Hokkaido to the East China Sea, 30 cm max, commercially fished and cultured in Japan and Korea.
Stingray
Stingray (Myliobatoidei): flattened, venomous-barbed cartilaginous fish of shallow coastal seas, up to 6.5 ft and 790 lb, with ampullae of Lorenzini prey sensing; distinct from manta, eagle, and electric rays.
Stingray injury
A stingray injury is a wound from the barbed, venomous tail spine of a stingray, usually on the feet or lower legs of people wading in shallow water.
Stomiiformes
Stomiiformes (Stomiatiformes), dragonfishes and allies: an order of over 400 exclusively deep-sea ray-finned fishes with photophores, counterillumination, far-red vision in loosejaws, and a recently revised family-level classification.
Striped bass
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis, rockfish) is an anadromous Atlantic coast game and commercial fish, overfished but not overfished by fishing per the 2024 ASMFC assessment, with rebuilding targeted by 2029.
Sturgeon
Sturgeon (Acipenseridae, order Acipenseriformes) are ancient bony-plated fish prized for caviar. All 26 remaining species are threatened per IUCN 2022; CITES-listed since 1997; farmed caviar now dominates.
Surimi (すり身)
Surimi (すり身) is washed, dewatered minced fish muscle used to make kamaboko and imitation crab. Salt-solubilized myofibrillar proteins form elastic gels on heating; global output about 437,000 metric tons in H1 2025.
Surströmming
Surströmming, Swedish fermented Baltic herring from the 16th century, ripened in 17% brine by Haloanaerobium bacteria, sold from the third Thursday of August, eaten in tunnbröd wraps.
Swim bladder
The swim bladder, also called the gas bladder or air bladder, is a gas-filled organ fish use to control buoyancy and, in some species, hearing and sound production.
Swim bladder disease
Swim bladder disease, also called swim bladder disorder or flipover, is a fish condition impairing buoyancy control, often caused by poor water quality, infection, or diet.
Swordfish
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), also broadbill or espada: a large migratory billfish of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans with a sword-like bill, up to 50 mph speed, no adult scales or teeth, and major ICCAT-managed fisheries.
Synanceia
Synanceia, the stonefishes, is a genus of camouflaged Indo-Pacific reef fishes in Synanceiidae with venomous dorsal spines; species include S. verrucosa and S. horrida, treated with hot-water immersion and antivenom.
Syngnathidae
Syngnathidae, the seahorse, pipefish, pipehorse, and seadragon family of Syngnathiformes ray-finned fishes, is defined by fused tubular jaws, bony-ring bodies, and male pregnancy in a brood pouch that functions like a placenta.
Tarpon
Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus), the Atlantic tarpon or silver king, a large silvery air-breathing game fish of warm Atlantic coastal waters; up to 8 feet, lives over 50 years, IUCN Vulnerable, catch-and-release fishery.
Tautoga onitis
Tautoga onitis, the tautog or blackfish, a coastal wrasse (Labridae) of the western Atlantic from Nova Scotia to South Carolina; grows to 91 cm, lives to 34 years, IUCN Vulnerable, managed regionally by ASMFC since 1996.
Teleost
Teleostei: the infraclass of ray-finned fishes with nearly 30,000 species, half of all vertebrates; defined by a teleost-specific whole-genome duplication, divergent fast-evolving genomes, and dominance of world fisheries and aquaculture.
Teleosteomorpha
Teleosteomorpha is the total-group clade of teleost fishes, named by Gloria Arratia to include Teleostei plus stem taxa such as pachycormiforms, aspidorhynchiforms, and pycnodontiforms, excluding gars and bowfin.
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodontidae, the pufferfishes, is the most speciose family of Tetraodontiformes, with about 184–206 species; four fused teeth, water inflation, tetrodotoxin, sister to Diodontidae, tropical marine to freshwater.
Tetraodontiformes
Tetraodontiformes, the pufferfish, triggerfish, boxfish, and ocean sunfish order, is a monophyletic group of about 350-429 reduced, beak-jawed teleost fishes with a fossil record from the Upper Cretaceous (95 Mya).