210 articles
Lufotrelvir
Lufotrelvir (PF-07304814) is Pfizer's intravenous phosphate prodrug of the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor PF-00835231, the first Mpro inhibitor in COVID-19 clinical trials and the IV analogue that led to oral nirmatrelvir; its phase 3 program was discontinued.
Luliconazole
Luliconazole (NND-502, LUZU) is a topical imidazole antifungal, the R-enantiomer of lanoconazole, inhibiting lanosterol demethylase. Approved in Japan 2005 and by FDA in 2013 for tinea pedis, cruris, and corporis.
Management of HIV/AIDS
Management of HIV/AIDS is the combination of antiretroviral therapy, clinical monitoring, and prevention that suppresses the virus; combination ART introduced in 1996 made HIV a manageable chronic condition.
Maraviroc
Maraviroc (UK-427,857; Selzentry, Celsentri) is a CCR5 antagonist antiretroviral approved in 2007, used with other drugs against only CCR5-tropic HIV-1 after tropism testing; dosing varies with CYP3A interactions.
Maribavir
Maribavir (Livtencity) is an oral benzimidazole riboside antiviral that inhibits CMV UL97 kinase, used for ganciclovir-, foscarnet-, or cidofovir-refractory or resistant CMV infection in transplant recipients.
Melarsoprol
Melarsoprol is a toxic arsenic-based drug, introduced in 1949, that treats the late stage of African sleeping sickness by injection, causing encephalopathy in 5 to 10% of patients.
Miconazole
Miconazole, an imidazole antifungal synthesized by Janssen in 1969, treats candidiasis and dermatophyte infections topically; distinct from other azoles by dual ergosterol and peroxidase inhibition, its intravenous form was withdrawn for vehicle toxicity.
Molnupiravir
Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, MK-4482, Lagevrio) is an oral antiviral prodrug of NHC that treats COVID-19 by lethal mutagenesis of SARS-CoV-2 via the viral RdRp, causing G-to-A and C-to-U transitions.
Naftifine
Naftifine (Naftin) is a topical allylamine antifungal, FDA-approved since 1988, that inhibits squalene 2,3-epoxidase to treat tinea pedis, cruris, and corporis; no resistance mechanism identified.
Narlaprevir
Narlaprevir is a second-generation hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor derived from boceprevir by Schering-Plough and Merck, reaching phase 3 trials before development was discontinued outside Russia.
Netivudine
Netivudine (882C87, PYaraU), an experimental 5-propynyl arabinofuranosyl uracil nucleoside antiviral, potent selective inhibitor of varicella zoster virus; reached Phase 3 but development was suspended after rodent toxicity findings.
Nimorazole
Nimorazole (nitrimidazine, Naxogin) is a 5-nitroimidazole antiprotozoal drug repurposed as a hypoxic radiosensitizer for head and neck cancer radiotherapy; standard of care only in Denmark after the DAHANCA 5-85 trial.
Nitazoxanide
Nitazoxanide (Alinia) is a thiazolide antiparasitic prodrug converted to tizoxanide, inhibiting PFOR. FDA-approved in 2002 for Cryptosporidium and Giardia diarrhea in immunocompetent patients; ineffective in HIV patients.
Novaferon (recombinant cytokine gene-derived protein injection, Lefuneng)
Novaferon (乐复能, Lefuneng) is a recombinant human interferon-α variant hybrid made by DNA shuffling of 12 IFN-α genes, approved in China (2018) for chronic hepatitis B, with reported in vitro activity 10–174 times that of IFN-α2b.
Nystatin
Nystatin, sold under brand names including Nystop and Nilstat, is a polyene antifungal antibiotic discovered in 1950, used topically and orally to treat Candida infections of the skin, mouth, and intestinal tract.
Olgotrelvir sodium capsules
Olgotrelvir sodium capsules (奥格特韦钠胶囊, Aoweining), also known as STI-1558 or OVYDSO, are a dual Mpro and cathepsin L inhibitor oral antiviral for mild-to-moderate COVID-19, NMPA-approved in China in October 2025 without ritonavir.
Olorofim
Olorofim (F901318), first-in-class orotomide antifungal from F2G, inhibits fungal DHODH in pyrimidine synthesis; active against azole-resistant Aspergillus, Lomentospora, Scedosporium, Coccidioides, inactive against yeasts and Mucorales; oral, phase 2b/3 studied.
Oltipraz
Oltipraz (RP 35972), a synthetic dithiolethione once marketed by Rhone-Poulenc for schistosomiasis, is an Nrf2-activating Phase II enzyme inducer studied as a cancer chemopreventive and NAFLD drug.
Ombitasvir
Ombitasvir (ABT-267), also in Viekira Pak, Viekirax, and Technivie, is an AbbVie HCV NS5A inhibitor with picomolar, pan-genotypic potency, used with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir; EU marketing authorization withdrawn in 2024.
Onradivir tablets
Onradivir tablets (昂拉地韦片, Anruiwei, ZSP1273) is a Chinese class 1 antiviral approved May 2025 for uncomplicated influenza A in adults; the first approved PB2 RNA polymerase inhibitor, dosed 0.6 g daily for 5 days.
Ornidazole
Ornidazole (Tiberal, Kolpicid) is a third-generation 5-nitroimidazole antiprotozoal and antibacterial drug with a 14-15 hour half-life, used for trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and anaerobic infections.
Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is an oral neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral against influenza A and B, developed by Roche, licensed 1999, used for treatment and prophylaxis, with H275Y as its key resistance marker.
Oteseconazole
Oteseconazole (Vivjoa, VT-1161) is an oral tetrazole CYP51-inhibiting antifungal approved by FDA in 2022 to reduce recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in females not of reproductive potential, with phase 3 recurrence rates near 4-7% versus about 40% on placebo.
Oxiconazole
Oxiconazole (Oxistat) is a topical imidazole antifungal, US-approved 1988 as the first once-daily topical antifungal, for tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, and versicolor; 1% cream and lotion, negligible systemic absorption.
Oxymatrine
Oxymatrine (matrine N-oxide, Ammothamnine), a quinolizidine alkaloid from Sophora flavescens roots, studied for anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects; not approved as an EU pesticide active substance.
Pafuramidine
Pafuramidine (DB289, pafuramidine maleate), oral prodrug of the diamidine furamidine (DB75), was the first oral drug candidate for first-stage sleeping sickness; phase 3 efficacy matched pentamidine, but 2008 liver and kidney toxicity ended development.
Paritaprevir
Paritaprevir (ABT-450) is an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor boosted by ritonavir, used in the ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir regimens (Viekira Pak, Technivie) for HCV genotypes 1 and 4; no longer recommended in the US since 2023.
Peginterferon alfa-2b, Y-shaped 40 kDa (Pegbing)
Pegbing (派格宾) is Xiamen Amoytop's 40 kDa Y-shaped pegylated interferon alfa-2b, China's first domestically developed long-acting interferon, approved 2016; 180 μg weekly; non-inferior to peginterferon alfa-2a in HBeAg-positive hepatitis B.
Peginterferon lambda-1a
Peginterferon lambda-1a (Lambda, PEG-IFN-λ1a) is a pegylated type III interferon developed at ZymoGenetics for chronic hepatitis C; better tolerated than alfa interferons but failed Phase 3 noninferiority and showed no COVID-19 benefit.
Penciclovir
Penciclovir (Denavir) is a topical 1% guanine-derivative antiviral cream approved in the US in 1996 for recurrent herpes labialis; it inhibits HSV DNA polymerase after intracellular activation, shortening healing by about one day.