640 articles
Insulin aspart
Insulin aspart (NovoRapid, NovoLog, Fiasp) is a rapid-acting insulin analog for mealtime diabetes therapy, made by replacing proline B28 with aspartic acid; second FDA-approved rapid-acting analog, with biosimilars Merilog and Garzulys.
Insulin degludec
Insulin degludec (Tresiba, IDeg) is Novo Nordisk's ultra-long-acting basal insulin analog, EU-approved 2013 and FDA-approved 2015, with >42 h action, multihexamer depot release, glargine-equivalent HbA1c control, and lower nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Insulin detemir
Insulin detemir (Levemir, Novo Nordisk) is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, FDA approved 2005, acylated with a C14 myristic fatty acid for albumin binding, dosed once or twice daily for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Insulin glulisine
Insulin glulisine (Apidra, Sanofi) is a rapid-acting insulin analogue, 3B Lys-29B Glu-human insulin made in E. coli, FDA-approved April 16, 2004 for subcutaneous, pump, and intravenous use in diabetes.
Insulin peglispro
Insulin peglispro (BIL, LY2605541) was Eli Lilly's investigational PEGylated basal insulin lispro with hepato-preferential action, showing superior HbA1c reduction and less nocturnal hypoglycemia than glargine in the IMAGINE trials, but development was discontinued in December 2015 over liver fat changes.
Insulin titration
Insulin titration is the stepwise adjustment of insulin doses against measured blood glucose values until fasting glucose or HbA1c targets are reached without hypoglycemia, applying to basal, prandial, and premixed regimens in diabetes.
Insulin, neutral
Insulin, neutral (neutral regular or soluble insulin) is short-acting insulin formulated as a clear solution at neutral pH, unlike early acidic preparations. Known as regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R, Insuman Rapid), it acts in 30-60 minutes, peaks at 2-4 hours, and lasts 6-8 hours.
Intensive insulin therapy
Intensive insulin therapy is a diabetes regimen of three or more daily insulin injections or pump therapy with frequent glucose monitoring, the standard of care in type 1 diabetes.
Intravenous iron therapy
Intravenous iron therapy delivers elemental iron into a vein as iron–carbohydrate nanoparticles, rapidly replenishing iron stores when oral iron is slow, poorly absorbed in inflammation, or causes gastrointestinal side effects.
Ipragliflozin
Ipragliflozin (ASP1941, Suglat) is a selective SGLT2 inhibitor for type 2 and type 1 diabetes, first approved in Japan in January 2014; dosing 50-100 mg once daily, glucose excreted in urine.
Iptacopan
Iptacopan (Fabhalta) is Novartis's oral, first-in-class complement factor B inhibitor approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (2023), C3 glomerulopathy (2025), and IgA nephropathy, dosed 200 mg twice daily under a REMS.
Ivabradine
Ivabradine (Corlanor, Procoralan) is a selective HCN/I_f channel blocker that slows the sinus node without affecting blood pressure or contractility. Approved for HFrEF (LVEF ≤35%, HR ≥70 bpm) and pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy; SHIFT showed fewer heart-failure hospitalizations, no mortality benefit.
Janagliflozin
Janagliflozin (脯氨酸加格列净片, brand Huiyoujing) is a Chinese Class 1 SGLT2 inhibitor tablet by Huisheng Biopharm (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), approved 16 January 2024 for type 2 diabetes; second domestic SGLT2 inhibitor, once-daily 25 or 50 mg, HbA1c reduction up to 1.4%, listed in China's 2025 medical insurance catalog.
Kunxinning granules
Kunxinning granules (坤心宁颗粒, formerly Kunyining) is a Chinese medicine class 1.1 innovative drug approved in China in November 2021, held by Tasly, for menopausal syndrome of the kidney yin-yang deficiency pattern, distinct from Kunning granules.
Kylo-11
Kylo-11 (LPA siRNA, MVIP platform, Hygieia/Sino Biopharmaceutical) is a non-canonical dual-GalNAc siRNA lowering lipoprotein(a); phase 1 showed up to 97% reduction at 48 weeks after one dose, phase 2 ongoing.
Labetalol
Labetalol, the first combined alpha-1/beta-adrenergic blocker (alpha:beta 1:3 oral, 1:7 IV), treats hypertension; U.S. tablet approval 1984; preferred in pregnancy and for severe hypertension, with fatigue, nausea, dizziness as common effects.
Lacidipine
Lacidipine, a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (ATC C08CA09), treats hypertension at 2-6 mg once daily; vascular-selective, ~10% bioavailability, 13-19 h half-life, lowest peripheral edema risk among DHP-CCBs.
Ladarixin
Ladarixin (DF2156A) is Dompé's oral dual allosteric CXCR1/CXCR2 inhibitor tested for new-onset type 1 diabetes, where phase 2 missed its C-peptide endpoint and the phase 3 NCT04628481 was terminated for futility; an NSCLC combination trial was withdrawn.
Landiolol
Landiolol (Rapiblyk) is an ultra-short-acting, highly β1-selective intravenous beta-blocker with a ~4-minute half-life, used for rapid ventricular rate control in supraventricular tachycardia, perioperative arrhythmias, and selected septic shock patients.
Lanifibranor
Lanifibranor (IVA337) is Inventiva's investigational oral pan-PPAR agonist for MASH/NASH; positive Phase 2b NATIVE trial, FDA Breakthrough Therapy status, Phase 3 NATiV3 readout expected Q4 2026.
Lanreotide
Lanreotide (Somatuline Depot/Autogel) is a long-acting octapeptide somatostatin analog by Ipsen, injected deep subcutaneously every 4 weeks. It treats acromegaly, unresectable GEP-NETs, and carcinoid syndrome via SSTR2/SSTR5, prolonging progression-free survival in the CLARINET trial.
Lasofoxifene
Lasofoxifene (CP-336,156; Fablyn, Oporia) is an oral third-generation SERM for postmenopausal osteoporosis, EU-approved 2009 but never marketed, now in Phase 3 (ELAINE-3) for ESR1-mutant ER+ breast cancer.
LDR2402
LDR2402 is an investigational small interfering RNA drug for mild to moderate hypertension, developed by Leaderna Therapeutics, a subsidiary of China's HitGen, now in phase 2.
Lepirudin
Lepirudin (Refludan, Refluden) is a yeast-derived recombinant hirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II; approved 1997-1998, withdrawn in the EU in 2012 and the US in 2016.
Lercanidipine
Lercanidipine (Zanidip) is a lipophilic third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for mild to moderate hypertension, dosed 10–20 mg once daily; approved in Europe and many countries but never FDA approved in the United States.
Leriglitazone
Leriglitazone (MIN-102), marketed as Nezglyal, is a brain-penetrant selective PPARγ agonist and pioglitazone metabolite by Minoryx; EU-approved in 2026 as the first drug for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy in boys aged 2-12.
Lerodalcibep
Lerodalcibep (Lerochol, lerodalcibep-liga; EU name Lyrokaul) is a third-generation PCSK9 inhibitor fusion protein (adnectin plus albumin) by LIB Therapeutics, dosed 300 mg subcutaneously monthly, FDA-approved 2025 for hypercholesterolemia including HeFH.
Lesinurad
Lesinurad (Zurampic, RDEA594) is an oral URAT1 and OAT4 inhibitor uricosuric for gout hyperuricemia, approved in the US in 2015 and EU in 2016, used only with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and withdrawn from the EU in 2020 for commercial reasons.
Leuprorelin
Leuprorelin is a synthetic GnRH analog that suppresses sex hormones. Approved by the FDA in 1985, it is used to treat prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and precocious puberty.
Levamlodipine
Levamlodipine, also called (S)-amlodipine or levoamlodipine (brand Conjupri), is the active S-enantiomer of the racemic calcium channel blocker amlodipine, FDA-approved December 19, 2019 for hypertension; 5 mg is bioequivalent to 10 mg racemic amlodipine.