640 articles
Centhaquine
Centhaquine (Lyfaquin, PMZ-2010, formerly centhaquin) is a selective alpha-2B adrenoceptor agonist resuscitative drug for hypovolemic shock, approved in India in 2020 as an add-on therapy, with phase III evidence of reduced 28-day mortality.
Centimizone
Centimizone (INN Mipinazole, also spelled Mipnazole) is an antithyroid imidazole, 1-propan-2-ylimidazolidine-2-thione, discovered at CSIR-CDRI Lucknow, approved in India in 1972, licensed to Unichem, but never marketed.
Cerivastatin
Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay), Bayer's potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor statin for hypercholesterolemia, withdrawn in 2001-2002 after fatal rhabdomyolysis cases, especially with gemfibrozil.
Cetagliptin phosphate
Cetagliptin phosphate is a DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes developed by CGeneTech in Suzhou, China, approved in December 2024 as a Class 1 innovative drug.
Chiglitazar sodium
Chiglitazar sodium, brand name Bilessglu and research code CS-038, is a PPAR pan-agonist drug developed in China and approved in 2021 to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin (Neohydrin, Mercloran) is an organomercury urea-derivative diuretic, withdrawn from use, whose 197Hg/203Hg-labeled forms were the first radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging.
Chlorotrianisene
Chlorotrianisene (Tace, CAS 569-57-3) is a synthetic non-steroidal triphenylethylene estrogen and prodrug, once used for menopausal symptoms, prostate cancer palliation, and lactation suppression; now discontinued and Prop 65 listed.
Chlortalidone
Chlortalidone (chlorthalidone) is a long-acting thiazide-like diuretic for hypertension, U.S.-approved since 1960, half-life 40-60 hours, the ALLHAT comparator drug, with hypokalemia and metabolic side effects.
Cilazapril
Cilazapril (Inhibace) is a Roche pyridazine ACE inhibitor prodrug, hydrolyzed to cilazaprilat, used once daily at 2.5–5 mg for hypertension and congestive heart failure; ATC C09AA08, introduced 1991.
Cilexetil
Cilexetil is the ester promoiety in candesartan cilexetil (Atacand), the oral prodrug of the angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan, hydrolyzed in the gut, dosed 2-32 mg once daily for hypertension and heart failure.
Cilnidipine
Cilnidipine (FRC8653), a fourth-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker blocking both L-type and N-type calcium channels, treats essential hypertension; trials show efficacy similar to amlodipine with added proteinuria reduction in chronic kidney disease.
Cilofexor
Cilofexor (GS-9674, formerly Px-104) is an oral nonsteroidal agonist of the farnesoid X receptor developed by Gilead for liver diseases, whose phase 3 PSC trial ended early for futility.
Cinacalcet
Cinacalcet (Sensipar, Mimpara) is a calcimimetic, a positive allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor; first FDA-approved calcimimetic (2004) and first approved allosteric GPCR modulator, used for dialysis-related secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia.
Ciprofibrate
Ciprofibrate (Lipanor, Modalim) is a fibrate lipid-lowering drug and PPARα agonist, dosed 100 mg once daily in Europe for severe hypertriglyceridaemia and mixed hyperlipidaemia when statins are unsuitable; not FDA-approved.
Clazosentan
Clazosentan (Pivlaz), a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist by Actelion/Idorsia, approved in Japan (2022) to prevent cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage surgery; reduces vasospasm but not mortality or functional outcome.
Clevidipine
Clevidipine (Cleviprex) is an ultrashort-acting intravenous dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker in lipid emulsion, FDA approved 2008 for blood pressure reduction when oral therapy is not feasible; esterase metabolism gives a ~1-minute half-life, and ECLIPSE trials compared it with nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine.
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an oral P2Y12 platelet inhibitor prodrug activated mainly by CYP2C19, used with or instead of aspirin after MI, ischemic stroke, PCI, and in peripheral artery disease; boxed warning for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers.
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653)
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653, 考格列汀, brand 倍长平) is Haisco's ultralong-acting oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, dosed 10 mg once every two weeks; approved in China June 2024, half-life 131.5 h, non-inferior to daily linagliptin.
Colestipol hydrochloride
Colestipol hydrochloride, sold as Colestid, is a bile acid sequestrant resin that binds bile acids in the intestine to lower LDL cholesterol, first FDA approved in 1977.
Colestyramine
Colestyramine (cholestyramine, Questran) is a nonabsorbable anion-exchange resin bile acid sequestrant used for hypercholesterolemia, cholestatic pruritus, and bile acid diarrhea; developed at Merck in the late 1950s, it lowers LDL-C about 10-25% and requires separated dosing from other drugs.
Conivaptan
Conivaptan (Vaprisol, YM087) is an intravenous nonpeptide dual V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA in 2005 for euvolemic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients; aquaretic, CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor, common infusion site reactions.
Conveglipron (卡维列隆)
Conveglipron (卡维列隆, HDM1002) is Huadong Medicine's oral small-molecule GLP-1 receptor full agonist for weight management and type 2 diabetes; its Chinese phase 3 trial showed 12.2% weight loss at 52 weeks with 400 mg once daily.
Corifollitropin alfa
Corifollitropin alfa (Elonva) is a long-acting recombinant FSH analogue with an hCG C-terminal peptide fusion, half-life about 70 hours; one injection replaces seven daily FSH injections in IVF ovarian stimulation; EU-approved 2010, not FDA-approved.
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide
Corticotropin zinc hydroxide (Cortrophin-Zinc) is a long-acting injectable porcine ACTH-zinc hydroxide suspension, 40 USP units/mL, FDA-approved since 1955 for adrenocortical diagnostic testing and limited corticosteroid-responsive uses.
Cortivazol
Cortivazol (ALTIM) is a French-marketed pyrazolosteroid glucocorticoid, ATC H02AB17, given by intra-articular, periarticular, soft-tissue, and epidural injection; it is glucocorticoid receptor-specific, regulates genes distinct from dexamethasone, and suppresses the HPA axis after local injection.
Creatinolfosfate
Creatinolfosfate (creatinol O-phosphate, COP), C4H12N3O4P, is a methylated creatine analog and cardiac drug (ATC C01EB05) studied in 1970s Italy for anti-ischemic, anti-arrhythmic effects; oral creatine-source claims are unsupported.
Cyclandelate
Cyclandelate (Cyclospasmol, CAS 456-59-7) is a mandelic acid ester vasodilator, a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant once used for claudication, Raynaud's disease, and migraine prophylaxis; discontinued in the US and Canada in 1997 for lack of efficacy.
Cyclothiazide
Cyclothiazide (Anhydron, Fluidil), a thiazide diuretic first approved in 1963, treats hypertension and edema via distal tubule Na-Cl transport inhibition, and is widely used in neuroscience as an AMPA receptor desensitization blocker.
Daflon
Daflon 500 mg (micronized purified flavonoid fraction, MPFF; diosmin 450 mg plus hesperidin 50 mg) is a Servier venoactive drug for chronic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids, widely prescribed in Europe but not available in the USA.
Dalcetrapib
Dalcetrapib (RO4607381, JTT-705) is a CETP modulator that raises HDL cholesterol about 30% with minimal LDL effect; its phase 3 dal-OUTCOMES trial failed for futility, and development continues only for ADCY9 AA-genotype patients.