640 articles
Eplerenone
Eplerenone, sold as Inspra, is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that blocks aldosterone. Approved in 2002, it lowers blood pressure and improves survival after heart attack complicated by heart failure.
Epristeride
Epristeride (爱普列特) is a noncompetitive 5α-reductase inhibitor for benign prostatic hyperplasia, developed in China, approved as a class-1 new drug in 1999, and marketed by Lianhuan Pharmaceutical.
Eprosartan
Eprosartan (Teveten) is a non-biphenyl, non-tetrazole angiotensin II receptor blocker for hypertension, dosed 600-800 mg daily, selective for the AT1 receptor and not metabolized by cytochrome P450.
Eprotirome
Eprotirome (KB2115), a liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor beta agonist from Karo Bio, lowered LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and Lp(a) in trials but was abandoned after canine cartilage damage and liver injury ended its phase 3 AKKA trial.
Estetrol anhydrous
Estetrol anhydrous (E4), a plant-derived synthetic copy of the fetal-liver estrogen of pregnancy; estrogen receptor agonist used in Nextstellis/Drovelis combined pills, FDA-approved April 15, 2021.
Esuberaprost
Esuberaprost (beraprost-314d, APS-314D, CTO-1681) is the active single enantiomer of beraprost, an oral prostacyclin IP receptor agonist developed by United Therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension; its phase 3 BEAT trial missed its primary endpoint.
Etelcalcetide
Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv) is an intravenous second-generation calcimimetic peptide, a direct calcium-sensing receptor agonist given three times weekly after hemodialysis to lower PTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism; more potent than cinacalcet but with greater hypocalcemia risk.
Ethisterone
Ethisterone (pregneninolone, 17α-ethynyltestosterone), C21H28O2, CAS 434-03-7: the first orally active progestin, synthesized by Inhoffen and Hohlweg at Schering in 1938, marketed as Proluton C; androgenic, superseded by norethisterone.
Ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol (19-norpregna-4-en-17α-ol), brand Maxibolin, is a synthetic anabolic steroid and 19-nortestosterone prodrug metabolized to norethandrolone. FDA-approved in 1964, discontinued for humans; veterinary use only in Australia and New Zealand; WADA-prohibited.
Ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol diacetate (CAS 62H10A1236) is a first-generation synthetic progestin oral contraceptive pro-drug of norethindrone, used at 1 mg with estrogen or 0.5 mg alone (Femulen), first marketed 1965 to 1966.
Evacetrapib
Evacetrapib (LY2484595) is Eli Lilly's potent CETP inhibitor that raised HDL cholesterol 133% and lowered LDL 31% yet showed no cardiovascular benefit in the 12,092-patient ACCELERATE trial, which was stopped early for futility in 2015.
Evobrutinib
Evobrutinib (M2951) is Merck KGaA's oral, covalent BTK inhibitor for autoimmune disease; strong phase 2 MS results but phase 3 evolutionRMS failure versus teriflunomide and liver safety signals led to discontinued development.
Evocalcet
Evocalcet (KHK7580, MT-4580; brand Orkedia) is an oral calcimimetic, a calcium-sensing receptor positive allosteric modulator approved in Japan in 2018 for secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients, noninferior to cinacalcet with fewer gastrointestinal adverse events.
Evogliptin
Evogliptin (Suganon, DA-1229), a Dong-A ST oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes; first approved South Korea October 2015, 5 mg once daily, also approved with metformin in India.
Ezetimibe
Ezetimibe (Zetia, Ezetrol) is a non-statin cholesterol absorption inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2002. It lowers LDL-C about 25% with statins, modestly reduces cardiovascular events (IMPROVE-IT), and is a guideline-recommended statin add-on.
Fasiglifam
Fasiglifam (TAK-875) is a Takeda GPR40/FFAR1 partial agonist for type 2 diabetes that lowered HbA1c with low hypoglycemia risk but was terminated in December 2013 during phase III trials due to drug-induced liver injury.
Fenofibrate
Fenofibrate, a PPARα-agonist fibrate prodrug of fenofibric acid, treats severe hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥500 mg/dL) and primary hyperlipidemia; it lowers triglycerides 30–50% but did not reduce cardiovascular events in FIELD or ACCORD-Lipid.
Fenofibric acid
Fenofibric acid, active moiety of fenofibrate and a PPAR-alpha fibrate; marketed as Trilipix (2008) and Fibricor; adjunct to diet for hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, often with statins.
Fermagate
Fermagate (iron-magnesium hydroxycarbonate, ALPHAREN) is an investigational calcium-free oral phosphate binder with a hydrotalcite structure, developed by Ineos Healthcare for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis; phase 2 trials showed dose-dependent phosphate lowering, but phase 3 was stopped and it was never approved.
Ferric pyrophosphate
Ferric pyrophosphate (iron(III) diphosphate, Fe4(P2O7)3·xH2O, CAS 10058-44-3) is a water-insoluble iron salt used as a food iron fortificant, parenteral iron drug (ferric pyrophosphate citrate, FDA 2015), and EU low-risk molluscicide (2020/1018).
Fibrinolytic therapy
Fibrinolytic therapy is drug treatment that dissolves blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin, used in heart attack, stroke, and pulmonary embolism, with bleeding as its main risk.
Fimasartan
Fimasartan (Kanarb, BR-A-657) is a Korean-developed angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker for hypertension, the ninth ARB approved, dosed 60-120 mg once daily, with 18.6% bioavailability and mainly biliary-fecal elimination.
FINEARTS-HF trial
FINEARTS-HF (NCT04435626): Bayer-funded randomized trial of finerenone, a nonsteroidal MRA, in 6,001 patients with heart failure and LVEF ≥40%; reduced total worsening HF events and CV death (RR 0.84).
Finerenone
Finerenone (Kerendia), a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist approved in 2021 for diabetic CKD and in July 2025 for heart failure with LVEF ≥40%, based on FIDELIO-DKD, FIGARO-DKD, and FINEARTS-HF trials.
Firibastat
Firibastat (RB150, QGC001) is an oral brain aminopeptidase A inhibitor prodrug of EC33 developed by Quantum Genomics for hypertension; phase 3 FRESH missed its endpoint and development stopped in 2022.
Fitusiran
Fitusiran (Qfitlia), an antithrombin-lowering siRNA by Sanofi/Alnylam, FDA-approved March 28, 2025 for bleeding prophylaxis in hemophilia A or B with or without inhibitors, dosed subcutaneously every two months.
Flecainide
Flecainide (flecainide acetate, trade name Tambocor) is a class IC antiarrhythmic drug blocking fast sodium channels, used for atrial fibrillation and approved by the FDA in 1984, but avoided after heart attacks.
Flosequinan
Flosequinan (Manoplax), a Boots quinolone vasodilator for heart failure, improved symptoms and hemodynamics but raised mortality in the PROFILE trial and was voluntarily withdrawn in July 1993.
FLOW trial (NCT03819153)
FLOW (NCT03819153), the Evaluate Renal Function With Semaglutide Once Weekly trial, was Novo Nordisk's phase 3 trial of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg in 3,533 people with type 2 diabetes and CKD; stopped early after a 24% reduction in kidney outcomes.
Fluindione
Fluindione (Previscan), an indanedione vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant, ATC B01AA12, marketed only in France; initiation banned since 1 December 2018 over severe immuno-allergic risk, use limited to renewals.