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Brodalumab
Brodalumab (Siliq, Kyntheum, KHK4827) is a fully human anti-IL-17 receptor A monoclonal antibody for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, approved in Japan (2016), the US (2017), and EU (2017), with a US boxed warning for suicidality and REMS distribution.
Brodmann area
A Brodmann area, part of Brodmann's classification, is a numbered region of the cerebral cortex defined by cellular structure, introduced by Korbinian Brodmann in 1909.
Brody myopathy
Brody myopathy (Brody disease, OMIM 601003) is a rare autosomal recessive myopathy from ATP2A1/SERCA1 mutations causing exercise-induced delayed muscle relaxation, stiffness, and cramps, electrically silent on EMG, distinct from Brody syndrome without ATP2A1 mutations.
Brolucizumab
Brolucizumab (Beovu, codes ESBA1008/RTH258) is a single-chain antibody fragment anti-VEGF-A drug given by intravitreal injection for wet AMD (FDA-approved 2019) and diabetic macular edema (2022), with a distinct risk of intraocular inflammation and occlusive retinal vasculitis.
Bromazepam
Bromazepam (Ro 5-3350; Lexotan, Lexotanil, Lexomil) is a long-acting pyridyl-benzodiazepine anxiolytic marketed by Roche since 1974, used for anxiety disorders outside the United States and internationally scheduled in Schedule IV from December 2025.
Bromfenac
Bromfenac, a brominated ophthalmic NSAID (Xibrom, Bromday, Prolensa, BromSite, Yellox), inhibits COX-2 to treat inflammation and pain after cataract surgery; oral Duract was withdrawn in 1998 for liver failure.
Bromhexine
Bromhexine, a vasicine-derived mucoactive drug marketed since 1963, is an OTC mucolytic/expectorant for productive cough; metabolized to ambroxol, TMPRSS2 inhibitor, small SCAR risk per 2015 EMA review.
Bromisovalum
Bromisovalum (bromisoval, bromovalerylurea, Bromural) is a bromoureide sedative-hypnotic, ATC N05CM03, DDD 0.6 g oral, withdrawn in the Netherlands in 1987 and not internationally scheduled.
Bromodiphenhydramine
Bromodiphenhydramine (bromazine, Ambodryl) is a brominated ethanolamine first-generation H1 antihistamine derived from diphenhydramine, first approved in 1954, with antimicrobial, sedative, and anticholinergic actions; largely discontinued.
Bromonordiazepam
Bromonordiazepam (desalkylgidazepam, bromo-nordazepam) is a long-acting designer benzodiazepine, the active metabolite of the prodrug gidazepam, with an 86.73 h half-life, high GABA-A affinity, and illicit emergence since 2022 in Canada, Europe, the USA, and Australia.
Bromopride
Bromopride (bromoprida), a D2 dopamine antagonist prokinetic and antiemetic related to metoclopramide, marketed in Brazil, Italy, and Taiwan but not the US; used for nausea, vomiting, and motility disorders.
Bromperidol
Bromperidol (R-11333, Impromen) is a first-generation butyrophenone antipsychotic, a bromine analog of haloperidol acting on dopamine D2 receptors, used for schizophrenia in parts of Europe and Japan.
Brompheniramine
Brompheniramine (Dimetane, Bromfed, Dimetapp combinations) is a first-generation alkylamine H1 antihistamine, FDA-approved in 1957, used for allergy, rhinitis, and urticaria symptoms; sedating and anticholinergic.
Bronchial artery
Bronchial artery: systemic artery from the descending thoracic aorta (T5-T6) supplying ~1% of lung blood flow to airway walls and pulmonary vessel walls; hypertrophies in lung disease and is the target of bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis.
Bronchial artery embolization
Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is a catheter-based, image-guided procedure that occludes abnormal bronchial arteries to stop massive hemoptysis; first described by Rémy et al in 1973, it achieves 90–100% technical success with recurrence rising to about 35% by 4–5 years.
Bronchial neuroendocrine tumor
Bronchial neuroendocrine tumor, also called bronchial carcinoid, is a rare tumor arising from neuroendocrine cells of the bronchopulmonary tract, spanning grades from typical to atypical carcinoid.
Bronchial provocation test
A bronchial provocation test measures airway hyperresponsiveness by inhaling incrementally increasing doses of methacholine while measuring FEV1 after each dose, used to diagnose asthma when simpler tests do not confirm it.
Bronchial thermoplasty
Bronchial thermoplasty is a bronchoscopic procedure delivering controlled radiofrequency heat to airway walls to reduce smooth muscle mass, a device treatment for severe asthma uncontrolled on inhaled corticosteroids.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis: chronic lung disease with permanent bronchial widening on CT, causing cough, sputum, and recurrent infections; managed with airway clearance, antibiotics, and rehabilitation per ERS 2025 guidelines.
Bronchiole
Bronchiole (bronchiolus): cartilage-free small airway branching off the tertiary bronchi, about 1 mm wide, in conducting, terminal, and respiratory types, leading to alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis, viral inflammation of the small airways in infants under two, mainly caused by RSV; clinical diagnosis, supportive care, and prevention by maternal RSV vaccine or infant nirsevimab or clesrovimab.
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Bronchiolitis obliterans, also called popcorn lung or obliterative bronchiolitis, is a rare, irreversible lung disease that scars the small airways; causes include childhood infections, transplant rejection, and diacetyl exposure.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis: inflammation of the lung airways, usually infectious. Acute bronchitis (chest cold) is viral, self-limiting under 3 weeks, antibiotics not advised; chronic bronchitis (cough/sputum 3 months yearly for 2 years) is part of COPD.
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also called bronchopulmonary lavage, is a bronchoscopic procedure in which saline is instilled and withdrawn to sample cells from the alveoli, diagnosing lung infections and interstitial disease.
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction is airway narrowing from bronchial smooth muscle contraction, central to asthma and to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), diagnosed by a ≥10% fall in FEV1 and treated with pre-exercise inhaled short-acting beta-2-agonists.
Bronchodilator
Bronchodilator: an inhaled drug that opens lung airways by relaxing smooth muscle, used in asthma and COPD. Classes include SABA/LABA beta-2 agonists, SAMA/LAMA anticholinergics, and theophylline; LABA/LAMA combinations rank best for COPD exacerbations.
Bronchogenic cyst
A bronchogenic cyst is a rare congenital cystic malformation of the respiratory tract, arising from abnormal foregut budding, most often in the mediastinum or lung.
Bronchography
Bronchography: radiography of the bronchial tree after contrast medium injection, historically the definitive test for bronchiectasis, now largely replaced by high-resolution CT.
Bronchoscopes
Bronchoscopes are flexible or rigid tubular endoscopes for examining and treating the tracheobronchial tree. Introduced rigidly by Killian (1897) and flexibly by Shigeto Ikeda (1967); now includes video, EBUS, and robotic platforms.
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) is a bronchoscopic procedure that deflates hyperinflated, emphysematous lung regions in severe COPD using one-way valves, coils, sealants, or thermal vapor to improve breathing.