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Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy: endoscopic examination of the airways using flexible or rigid bronchoscopes. Began with Gustav Killian in 1897; flexible fiberoptic scope introduced by Shigeto Ikeda in 1967; now includes EBUS, navigational, and robotic bronchoscopy for lung nodule biopsy.
Bronchoscopy with biopsy
Bronchoscopy with biopsy is a procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed into the airways to obtain tissue for diagnosing lung cancer, sarcoidosis, and interstitial lung disease.
Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm is sudden constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle causing breathing difficulty, most commonly in asthma; also seen in COPD, anaphylaxis, and anesthesia, treated with oxygen and beta-2 agonists.
Bronchospirometry
Bronchospirometry: invasive spirometric technique recording ventilation and gas exchange of the right and left lung separately, devised by Jacobaeus, Frenckner, and Bjorkman in 1932 and later replaced by scintigraphy.
Bronchus
Bronchus: the large airway branching from the trachea at the carina into right and left main bronchi, then lobar and segmental bronchi; right side wider and more vertical, common site of aspiration and anatomical variation.
Brooke Army Medical Center
Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC), Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas: the DoD's largest military hospital and only Level 1 trauma center, home of the USAISR Burn Center, 425 beds, founded 1879, renamed BAMC 1946.
Brooke Eby
Brooke Eby, ALS advocate and TikTok creator (@LimpBroozkit), diagnosed 2022 at 33, raised over $1 million, founded ALStogether, named ALS Hero 2024, died October 1, 2026 at 37.
Brooke Greenberg
Brooke Greenberg (1993–2013), Maryland woman with unexplained "syndrome X" developmental arrest; at 20 had infant size, toddler mind; genome sequenced by Mount Sinai; distinct from progeria.
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS, OMIM 605041), part of CYLD cutaneous syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder from germline CYLD variants on 16q12-q13 causing multiple benign skin appendage tumors: cylindromas, spiradenomas, and trichoepitheliomas.
Brooks Sports
Brooks Sports (Brooks Running), founded 1914, Seattle-based Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary since 2006 selling running footwear and apparel in 50+ countries; No. 1 US adult performance running brand (21% share in 2023), $1.2B 2023 revenue, GuideRails and DNA Loft v3 foam.
Brotizolam
Brotizolam (Lendormin, Sintonal) is a short-acting thienotriazolodiazepine hypnotic with a 4-5 hour half-life, marketed in 18 countries, controlled under Schedule IV of the 1971 Psychotropic Convention, and not approved in the US, UK, or Canada.
Brown hair
Brown hair, a common human hair color from moderate eumelanin in the hair shaft (also called brunette), is determined by MC1R and many other pigmentation genes; over 90 percent of people worldwide have brown or black hair.
Brown sugar
Brown sugar: sucrose sweetener made by coating or crystallizing white sugar with molasses, giving brown color and caramel flavor; nutritionally nearly identical to white sugar and not healthier.
Brown-brown
Brown-brown is a drug mixture of the Sierra Leone civil war, reported as heroin, cocaine with gunpowder, or heroin plus cocaine, given to fighters including child soldiers before battle.
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS), also called Brown-Sequard-plus syndrome, is a rare hemisection spinal cord injury causing ipsilateral paralysis and proprioception loss with contralateral pain/temperature loss; mostly penetrating trauma, best prognosis among SCI syndromes.
Broxyquinoline
Broxyquinoline (5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline; dibromoxin, Starogyn) is a withdrawn halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline amebicide with ATC codes P01AA01, G01AC06, and A07AX01, now studied as an antimicrobial adjuvant.
Bruce C. Vladeck
Bruce C. Vladeck is an American health policy leader who ran Medicare and Medicaid as HCFA administrator from 1993 to 1997 and wrote Unloving Care (1980).
Bruce E. Engelmann
Bruce E. Engelmann is an American computational-mechanics software engineer, a Fellow at Cadence Design Systems, elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for simulation software.
Bruce J. Gantz
Bruce J. Gantz is an American otolaryngologist and neurotologist at the University of Iowa who pioneered cochlear implantation, developed the hybrid short-electrode implant, and led the only NIH-funded cochlear implant research center.
Bruce Lipton
Bruce H. Lipton (born 1944) is an American cell biologist and author of The Biology of Belief (2005), who claims beliefs control gene expression via epigenetics; mainstream scientists reject these claims as unsupported, and PSYCH-K lacks clinical evidence.
Bruce protocol
Bruce protocol: Robert A. Bruce's 1963 multistage treadmill stress test, the most used exercise ECG protocol, with 3-minute stages from 1.7 mph/10% grade; modified Bruce adds two easier warm-up stages.
Bruck syndrome
Bruck syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive bone disease combining osteogenesis imperfecta with congenital joint contractures; caused by FKBP10 (type 1) or PLOD2 (type 2) mutations, under 1 in 1,000,000 prevalence.
Brugada syndrome
Brugada syndrome (BrS), an inherited cardiac channelopathy first described by Pedro and Josep Brugada in 1992, causes coved ST elevation in V1-V2 and sudden cardiac death; SCN5A loss-of-function variants, fever, and sodium channel blockers are key factors.
Bruise
Bruise (contusion, ecchymosis): blood escaped from damaged vessels under intact skin after blunt trauma, changing color red-purple to green-yellow over about two weeks; also a forensic and child-protection sign.
Bruxism
Bruxism is repetitive jaw-muscle activity, clenching or grinding of teeth or bracing/thrusting of the mandible, during sleep or wakefulness; consensus treats it as a behavior, managed with occlusal splints or botulinum toxin type A.
Bruyère
Bruyère (Bruyère Health, formerly Bruyère Continuing Care) is an Ottawa academic health sciences centre founded in 1845 by Mother Élisabeth Bruyère, operating Saint-Vincent and Élisabeth-Bruyère hospitals, long-term care, palliative care, and a University of Ottawa-affiliated research institute.
BRVB-OCD study
BRVB-OCD study (NCT02627599): prospective observational trial of the Breath Responsive Variable Bolus Oxygen Conserving Device in COPD patients aged 65-85, sponsored by StratiHealth, 35 participants, completed; OCD means oxygen conserving device, not the psychiatric condition.
BSI-060T (PYX-106, anti-Siglec-15)
BSI-060T (PYX-106, aldastotug) is a fully human IgG1 anti-Siglec-15 antibody licensed by Pyxis Oncology from Biosion in 2022; its Phase 1 solid tumor trial was paused in December 2024 and the license terminated effective August 2026.
BSI-502
BSI-502 (ATI-052) is a humanized bispecific antibody targeting TSLP and IL-4Rα, discovered by Biosion and licensed to Aclaris Therapeutics in November 2024 for atopic dermatitis and asthma, now in Phase 1b trials.
BTBR
BTBR (BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J, formerly BTBR T+tf/J) is an inbred mouse strain from the Black and Tan Brachyury line, the leading idiopathic autism model: low sociability, unusual vocalizations, high grooming, and complete corpus callosum agenesis.