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Elective Surgical Procedures
Elective surgical procedures: operations that can be postponed or omitted without danger to the patient, also called elective surgery. Includes cosmetic, contraceptive, cataract, hernia, and joint replacement procedures; distinct from urgent and emergency surgery.
Electrical cardiometry
Electrical cardiometry (EC) is a noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring method that estimates stroke volume and cardiac output continuously from changes in thoracic electrical impedance during the cardiac cycle.
Electrical cardioversion
Electrical cardioversion is a medical procedure delivering an electric shock synchronized to the heartbeat to restore normal rhythm in arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation, differing from defibrillation.
Electrical impedance tomography
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive, radiation-free imaging method that reconstructs the body's internal electrical conductivity from electrodes on the skin, giving real-time images of regional lung ventilation at the bedside.
Electrical injury
Electrical injury, also called electric shock injury or electrocution, is tissue damage from current passing through the body, mainly thermal; severity depends on voltage, AC or DC type, pathway, duration, and skin resistance, with burns, arrhythmias, and rhabdomyolysis.
Electrical muscle stimulation
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS, NMES): applying electric currents via electrodes to contract skeletal muscles for rehabilitation, muscle re-education, and atrophy prevention; conventional 20–40 Hz stimulation recruits motor units nonphysiologically, causing fatigue; FDA-regulated devices.
Electrical synapse
Electrical synapse (gap junction synapse): a neuron-to-neuron junction transmitting ionic current directly through connexin channels, mainly Cx36; fast, bidirectional, plastic, and about 20% of connections in C. elegans and rabbit retina circuits.
Electroacupuncture
Electroacupuncture is a treatment technique in which a small electrical current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles inserted into the body, used in clinical medicine mainly for pain relief.
Electroanatomic mapping
Electroanatomic mapping is a cardiac electrophysiology technique that builds navigable 3D maps of electrical activity in the heart chambers to guide diagnosis and catheter ablation of arrhythmias.
Electrocardiographic imaging
Electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI) is a noninvasive mapping method that reconstructs the heart's electrical activity from body-surface ECGs and CT geometry, used to locate arrhythmias before ablation.
Electrocardiographic monitoring
Electrocardiographic monitoring is the continuous or intermittent recording of the heart's electrical activity over hours to years, using Holter monitors, patches, telemetry, and implanted devices.
Electrocardiography
Electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) records the heart's electrical potentials at the body surface over time. Pioneered by Waller (1887) and Einthoven's string galvanometer (1901–1903, Nobel 1924), now a 12-lead standard with wearable variants.
Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction
Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction (ECG in heart attack): use of the 12-lead ECG, within 10 minutes of first contact, to detect STEMI via ST-elevation criteria, guide reperfusion, and extend with posterior and right-sided leads.
Electrocauterization
Electrocauterization is a surgical technique using electrically heated instruments to cut tissue and stop bleeding, used for small vessels, chronic nosebleeds, and removing skin growths.
Electrochemiluminescence assay
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay is a bioanalytical method that quantifies biomolecules by generating light through electrochemical reactions at an electrode, most commonly in sandwich immunoassays using a ruthenium label.
Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay
Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) is a laboratory binding assay in which an electrode triggers a ruthenium label to emit light, quantifying over 100 biomarkers in serum and blood.
Electrochemotherapy
Electrochemotherapy is a local cancer treatment that combines high-voltage electric pulses with bleomycin or cisplatin, used mainly for cutaneous tumor nodules, achieving response rates near 80%.
Electrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation is a surgical technique that heats tissue with high-frequency alternating current, used to coagulate blood vessels, stop bleeding, or cut tissue during endoscopic and open surgery.
Electrocochleography
Electrocochleography (ECochG) is an electrophysiological test recording electrical potentials from the cochlea and auditory nerve in response to sound, used mainly to diagnose Meniere disease.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizure-inducing brain stimulation treatment developed by Cerletti and Bini in Rome in 1938, used for severe depression, catatonia, and mania; effective short-term but causes memory loss.
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography (ECoG) records brain electrical activity from electrodes on the cortical surface, used in epilepsy surgery and brain-computer interfaces; micro-ECoG arrays reach sub-millimeter resolution.
Electrode implantation
Electrode implantation is the stereotactic surgical placement of electrodes in the brain, mainly to localize seizures in epilepsy or deliver deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
Electrodiagnosis
Electrodiagnosis (EDX medicine) evaluates nerve, muscle, and neuromuscular junction disorders via nerve conduction studies and needle EMG; distinct from EEG and ECG, it grew from Galvani's frog experiments and WWII nerve-injury studies.
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography (EEG) records the brain's electrical activity via scalp electrodes. Pioneered by Hans Berger in 1924, it offers millisecond temporal resolution and is the cornerstone test for diagnosing epilepsy and sleep disorders.
Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization
Electroencephalography phase synchronization (EEG phase synchrony) is the uniform alignment of oscillation phases between neuronal groups in EEG, quantified by metrics such as the phase locking value, PLI, and wPLI, and read as a sign of brain integration in learning, memory, and perception.
Electrogastrography
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a noninvasive method recording the stomach's electrical activity through skin electrodes on the abdomen, used to assess gastric rhythm disorders, though it has not become a routine clinical diagnostic test.
Electroglottography
Electroglottography (EGG) is a noninvasive, low-cost technique that measures changes in the contact area of the vibrating vocal folds using electrodes on the neck, used in voice clinics, phonetics, and singing pedagogy.
Electrokymography
Electrokymography: radiographic technique combining a photoelectric recording system with fluoroscopy to record heart-border motion, also called photokymography or roentgenkymography; developed by Henny and Boone from 1945.
Electrolyte and drug effects on the ECG
Electrolyte and drug effects on the ECG are the characteristic electrocardiogram changes caused by potassium, calcium, and magnesium disturbances and by QT-prolonging drugs like sotalol.
Electrolyte imbalance
Electrolyte imbalance: abnormal blood levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, or bicarbonate. Caused by vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, drugs, or organ disease; treated by repletion, dilution, or dialysis.