Human health and medicine

Transfusion medicine

Transfusion medicine: medical specialty covering blood collection, compatibility testing, component therapy, and transfusion safety; rooted in Landsteiner's 1900 ABO discovery, now spanning genotyping, patient blood management, and cellular therapies.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is acute noncardiogenic pulmonary edema with hypoxemia during or within 6 hours of blood transfusion, caused mainly by donor anti-leukocyte antibodies or a two-hit neutrophil priming mechanism, classified since 2019 as Type I or Type II, and reduced by male-donor plasma policies.

Transgender health care misinformation

Transgender health care misinformation: false claims about gender-affirming care, also called disinformation when intentional. Five documented themes, ROGD theory, regret-rate myths, and role in US care bans.

Transgender pregnancy

Transgender pregnancy: pregnancy carried by trans men and other transmasculine or nonbinary people assigned female at birth, or via assisted reproduction for trans women. Key data: gravidity 5.6-8.5%, testosterone not contraception, miscarriage 31.6-40%.

Transgender voice surgery

Transgender voice surgery (gender-affirming phonosurgery, voice feminization surgery) raises vocal pitch for transgender women via Wendler glottoplasty, cricothyroid approximation, LAVA, or LRG, often combined with voice therapy; glottoplasty gives the largest, most stable f0 gains.

Transgenerational trauma

Transgenerational trauma (intergenerational, historical trauma) is transmission of trauma effects to descendants without direct exposure. First described 1966 in Holocaust survivors' children; key findings include FKBP5 methylation changes and parental PTSD as predictor; epigenetic inheritance in humans remains unproven.

Oct 22, 2026

Transglutaminase-mediated antibody conjugation

Transglutaminase-mediated antibody conjugation is an enzymatic bioconjugation method in which microbial transglutaminase from Streptomyces mobaraensis attaches drugs, fluorophores, or other payloads to antibodies, chiefly to build homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.

Transgrediens et progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma

Transgrediens et progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma, or Greither disease (OMIM 133200), is a rare autosomal dominant KRT1-related diffuse PPK that spreads beyond palms and soles and worsens with age.

Transhiatal esophagectomy

Transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) is an operation that removes the esophagus through the diaphragmatic hiatus and a neck incision without opening the chest, performed mainly for esophageal cancer.

Transient elastography

Transient elastography, also called vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), is an ultrasound technique that measures liver stiffness in kilopascals to stage fibrosis in chronic liver disease without a biopsy, using a probe that also estimates liver fat.

Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood

Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC) is a rare, self-limited pure red cell aplasia of children under 4, causing normocytic anemia with reticulocytopenia after viral illness, distinguished from Diamond-Blackfan anemia and recovering spontaneously.

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) are faint cochlear echoes recorded in the ear canal after a click, first measured by David Kemp in 1978 and used widely in newborn hearing screening.

Transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Transient familial neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, or Lucey-Driscoll syndrome (ORPHA:2312, OMIM 237900), is a rare genetic liver disease causing severe unconjugated jaundice in newborns via a transient maternal inhibitor of UGT1A1; it usually self-resolves but risks kernicterus, treated with phototherapy and exchange transfusion.

Transient hyperammonemia of the newborn

Transient hyperammonemia of the newborn (THAN, ORPHA:289877) is a temporary, non-inherited neonatal hyperammonemia, mainly in preterm infants, diagnosed by exclusion, treated with scavengers and CRRT, with good prognosis.

Transient hyperthyrotropinaemia

Transient hyperthyrotropinaemia, also called neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia or isolated hyperthyrotropinemia (ICD-11 KB62.2), is a temporary newborn condition with elevated TSH and normal FT4 that usually normalises spontaneously without levothyroxine treatment.

Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy

Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI, immunoglobulin maturational delay, ICD-10 D80.7) is a primary immunodeficiency with IgG more than 2 SD below age norms between 5 and 24 months, normal vaccine responses, and later recovery.

Transient hypothyroxinaemia

Transient hypothyroxinaemia: temporary postnatal low T4 with normal or low TSH, affecting roughly half of preterm infants; trials of thyroxine supplementation show no clear neurodevelopmental benefit.

Transient ischemic attack

A transient ischemic attack, or TIA, is a brief episode of stroke-like neurological symptoms, such as facial drooping and arm weakness, that resolves within minutes to hours.

Oct 20, 2026

Transient motor tics

Transient motor tics (ICD-11 8A05.03; DSM-5 provisional tic disorder, formerly transient tic disorder) are sudden, non-rhythmic movements such as blinking or sniffing present under 1 year, common in childhood and usually fading.

Transient myeloproliferative syndrome

Transient myeloproliferative syndrome, also called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM), TMD, or transient leukemia, is a GATA1-mutation, trisomy 21 neonatal megakaryoblast proliferation in ~10% of Down syndrome newborns that usually remits spontaneously but carries a 10–30% risk of later myeloid leukemia.

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus is a rare form of diabetes beginning in the first weeks of life that requires insulin but usually remits by 3 to 6 months.

Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism

Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism (TPHA, secondary pseudohypoaldosteronism) is a rare infantile renal tubulopathy with tubular aldosterone resistance, causing hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis during urinary tract infection or malformation.

Transient refractive change

Transient refractive change is a temporary, reversible shift in the eye's refractive state, classified in ICD-11 as 9D00.6; it is best known in diabetes, where glucose swings shift refraction.

Transient synovitis

Transient synovitis, also called toxic synovitis, is a benign, self-limiting inflammation of the hip joint lining in children that causes hip pain and limping and recovers within two weeks.

Transient tachypnoea of newborn

Transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN, wet lung) is a self-limiting neonatal breathing disorder from delayed fetal lung fluid clearance, causing tachypnea within 2 hours of birth, resolving in 24-72 hours.

Transient tyrosinemia of the newborn

Transient tyrosinemia of the newborn (transient neonatal tyrosinemia, ICD-10 P74.5) is a benign, self-limiting elevation of blood tyrosine in newborns, especially preterm infants on high-protein diets, caused by immature liver 4-HPPD enzyme and usually resolving by 2 months.

Transient visual loss

Transient visual loss (TVL), including amaurosis fugax, is temporary monocular or binocular vision loss, usually from retinal ischemia due to carotid thromboemboli; it is a TIA requiring urgent stroke workup.

Transillumination

Transillumination is a bedside technique in which a bright light shone through a body area detects abnormal fluid or air collections and distinguishes cystic from solid masses.

Transition to Adult Care

Transition to adult care (health care transition, HCT): the planned move of adolescents, especially those with chronic conditions, from child-centered pediatric services to adult-oriented care, using frameworks such as Got Transition's Six Core Elements and NICE guidance, with planning from about age 12 and transfer around 18 to 21.