727 articles
Spot test (lichen)
Lichen spot test: field chemical identification method applying K (10% KOH), C (bleach), KC, or PD reagents to a thallus and reading color changes; originated with William Nylander's 1865-1866 papers; TLC confirms doubtful results.
Squamanita
Squamanita is a genus of rare mycoparasitic agaric fungi in Squamanitaceae that parasitize fruiting bodies of other mushrooms (Amanita, Cystoderma, Hebeloma, Inocybe), deforming hosts into galls; 14 species accepted after the 2022 split creating Dissoderma.
Stachybotrys
Stachybotrys, including Stachybotrys chartarum or toxic black mold, is a genus of Stachybotryaceae fungi (Hypocreales) growing on wet cellulose in buildings; type species S. chartarum, trichothecene-producing, with unproven human toxin links.
Stachybotrys chartarum
Stachybotrys chartarum, black mold or Stachybotrys atra, a greenish-black cellulolytic mold of water-damaged buildings producing trichothecene mycotoxins; CDC says its link to infant pulmonary hemorrhage is unproven.
Sterigmatocystin
Sterigmatocystin (STC, CAS 10048-13-2) is a polyketide mycotoxin from Aspergillus fungi, a precursor of aflatoxin B1, an IARC Group 2B genotoxic carcinogen found in grains, cheese, coffee, spices, and beer.
Steven Hayden Pollock
Steven Hayden Pollock, American physician and mycologist, author of Magic Mushroom Cultivation (1977), co-describer of Psilocybe tampanensis, breeder of Penis Envy, murdered 1981.
Stinkhorn and nidularioid ecology and dispersal
Stinkhorn and nidularioid ecology and dispersal covers how gasteroid fungi spread spores they cannot launch themselves: stinkhorns lure insects with carrion-like odors, while bird's-nest fungi eject spore packets with raindrops.
Stoned ape theory
The Stoned Ape theory, or Stoned Ape Hypothesis, is Terence McKenna's 1992 proposal, in Food of the Gods, that psilocybin mushrooms drove human brain evolution; mainstream science rejects it as unsupported.
Subgenera and sections of Cortinarius
The subgenera and sections of Cortinarius sort one of the largest mushroom-forming fungal genera, with over 3,000 named species, into groups based on anatomy, pigments, and DNA.
Substrate terminology for lichens
Substrate terminology for lichens: substrate/substratum definitions and -colous terms (corticolous, saxicolous, lignicolous, terricolous, muscicolous, lichenicolous), substrate chemistry, specificity, and unusual surfaces like glass and shells.
Sulbactam
Sulbactam is an irreversible beta-lactamase inhibitor and antibiotic developed by Pfizer, marketed since 1986 with ampicillin as Unasyn and, unusually for a beta-lactamase inhibitor, active against Acinetobacter.
Synchytrium endobioticum
Synchytrium endobioticum, potato wart pathogen, an obligate biotrophic chytrid fungus and quarantine pest of potato; over 40 pathotypes, resting spores viable for decades, controlled by resistant varieties and quarantine.
Systematics of Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycota, synonym Allomycota, a phylum of zoosporic fungi elevated from order Blastocladiales by James et al. 2006; one order, five families, saprobes, and parasites; deep placement still unresolved.
Systematics of Lactarius
Systematics of Lactarius: classification and phylogeny of the milkcap genus Lactarius (Russulales), split molecularly into Lactarius s. str., Lactifluus, and Multifurca, with three subgenera, ITS-based species delimitation, and regional revisions in Korea, Africa, and North America.
Taisui (太岁) (biological object)
Taisui (太岁), or "unidentified biological objects," are large meat-like objects unearthed from soil in China, recorded since the Shan Hai Jing; analyses variously identify them as microbial mats, slime mold complexes, or polyvinyl alcohol masses.
Talaromyces
Talaromyces, a genus of ascomycete fungi in Trichocomaceae (C.R. Benj., 1955), absorbed Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium in 2011; its dimorphic species T. marneffei causes talaromycosis in Asia.
Taphrina
Taphrina (Lalaria) is a genus of ascomycete fungi in Taphrinaceae, dimorphic biotrophic plant pathogens causing leaf curl, blisters, and witches' brooms; T. deformans causes peach leaf curl.
Taphrina deformans
Taphrina deformans, also known as Exoascus deformans, is a dimorphic fungus that causes peach leaf curl, a disease deforming peach and almond leaves and controlled by dormant-season fungicide sprays.
Taphrina pruni
Taphrina pruni (Fuckel) Tul., basionym Exoascus pruni, is an ascomycete fungus causing pocket plum (bladder plum) on Prunus domestica, P. spinosa, and P. salicina; stoneless hollow fruits, spring bud-break infection, copper fungicide control.
Tassili Mushroom Figure
The Tassili mushroom figure is a prehistoric rock painting on Algeria's Tassili n'Ajjer plateau that Giorgio Samorini read in 1992 as depicting hallucinogenic mushrooms, a claim most archaeologists reject.
Taxonomy and systematics of Cladonia and Cladoniaceae
The taxonomy and systematics of Cladonia and Cladoniaceae covers classifying a lichen family of nearly 500 species in 15 genera, where molecular phylogenetics overturned traditional morphology-based groupings and merged the reindeer lichen genus Cladina into Cladonia.
Taxonomy of Basidiomycota
The taxonomy of Basidiomycota is the higher-level classification of a fungal phylum including mushrooms, rusts, and smuts, currently organized into four subphyla and 20 classes.
Taxonomy of Candida
The taxonomy of Candida covers the polyphyletic genus of budding yeasts named by Berkhout in 1923, with about half of its species moved to genera like Pichia and Nakaseomyces.
Taxonomy of Penicillium
The taxonomy of Penicillium traces how the fungal genus was classified, from morphology to DNA-based methods, absorbing Eupenicillium and reaching 598 accepted species by 2025.
Teloschistaceae
Teloschistaceae (Zahlbr., 1898) is a large family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Teloschistales, known for orange anthraquinone sunscreen pigments, over 1,000 species, and genera split from the former Caloplaca and Xanthoria.
Terence McKenna
Terence McKenna, or Terence Kemp McKenna, was an American author, speaker, and ethnobotanist known for the Stoned Ape Theory and lectures on psilocybin and DMT; he died in 2000.
Termitomyces
Termitomyces (termite mushrooms) is a paleotropical genus of Lyophyllaceae fungi in obligate mutualism with Macrotermitinae termites; almost all species are edible, including the giant T. titanicus, and the genus yields bioactive medicinal compounds.
The Bryologist
The Bryologist, quarterly journal of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society (ABLS) since 1898, publishing peer-reviewed research on mosses, hornworts, liverworts, and lichens; ISSN 0007-2745.
The Lichenologist
The Lichenologist is a peer-reviewed journal of lichenology founded in 1958 by the British Lichen Society, now published by Cambridge University Press (ISSN 0024-2829), edited by Christopher J. Ellis and Leena Myllys, and the flagship journal of lichen research worldwide.
The Mushroom at the End of the World
The Mushroom at the End of the World (2015), Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing's multispecies ethnography from Princeton University Press, follows the matsutake mushroom trade from Oregon forests to Tokyo markets, introducing salvage accumulation and the arts of noticing.