207 articles
Ganja
Ganja: Hindi/Sanskrit term for cannabis, specifically dried female flower tops; brought to Jamaica by Indian indentured laborers in 1845, sacred to Rastafari, decriminalized there in 2015.
Geum
Geum (avens) is a genus of perennial herbs in Rosaceae, published by Linnaeus in 1753, with about 46-60 temperate Northern Hemisphere species, hooked two-part styles, and achene heads dispersed by plumose styles.
Geum urbanum
Geum urbanum L. (wood avens, herb bennet) is a perennial Rosaceae herb native from Europe to Central Asia and NW Africa, with small yellow flowers and hooked achenes; its clove-scented eugenol root has traditional medicinal and flavoring uses, and it hybridizes with G. rivale as G. × intermedium.
Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (jiaogulan, Amachazuru), a Cucurbitaceae climbing herb native to Asia, consumed as tea; contains gypenoside saponins related to ginsenosides, studied for glucose and lipid effects.
Hagenia abyssinica
Hagenia abyssinica (kosso, African redwood), sole species of the monotypic Rosaceae genus Hagenia, is a dioecious Afromontane tree from Eritrea to Zambia whose dried female flowers are a traditional Ethiopian tapeworm remedy; IUCN Least Concern but endangered in Ethiopia.
Hazel
Corylus avellana, common hazel or European hazelnut, a Betulaceae shrub native to Europe and western Asia; wind-pollinated, self-sterile, source of the hazelnut crop dominated by Türkiye, distinct from Corylus maxima and americana.
Hippophae
Hippophae (sea buckthorn, 沙棘属), spiny dioecious Elaeagnaceae shrubs with seven species from Europe to the Himalaya; H. rhamnoides fixes nitrogen via Frankia and yields vitamin-rich, omega-7 oil berries bred into over 150 cultivars.
Hippophae rhamnoides
Hippophae rhamnoides, sea buckthorn (Elaeagnaceae), a hardy nitrogen-fixing Eurasian shrub with seven subspecies, orange vitamin-rich berries used in food and traditional medicine, and limited clinical evidence of benefit.
History of cannabis
History of cannabis (Cannabis sativa): Eurasian domestication for fiber, food, and medicine; earliest psychoactive use at Jirzankal Cemetery; O'Shaughnessy's 19th-century medical promotion; 1925 Geneva control, 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act, and modern legalization.
Holodiscus discolor
Holodiscus discolor, oceanspray or creambush (Rosaceae), a deciduous arching shrub native from British Columbia to Mexico, with creamy white flower sprays, four varieties, fire-adapted, valuable to native bees.
Humulus
Humulus (hops genus) is a Cannabaceae genus of dioecious twining herbs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with 7 accepted species; H. lupulus cones supply beer bitterness, aroma, and preservation.
Humulus lupulus
Humulus lupulus, common hop, is a dioecious perennial Cannabaceae vine whose female cones (strobili) supply beer's bitterness and aroma; ~97% of production goes to brewing, with humulone, xanthohumol, and 8-prenylnaringenin as key compounds.
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi (ජය ශ්රී මහා බෝධි)
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi (ජය ශ්රී මහා බෝධි) is the sacred fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, planted in 288 BC by Sanghamitta from the original Bodhi tree; the oldest human-planted tree with a known planting date.
Juglandaceae
Juglandaceae, the walnut family (DC. ex Perleb, 1818), is a Fagales family of trees including Juglans, Carya, Pterocarya, and Rhoiptelea, with compound leaves, catkins, and one-seeded nuts, source of walnuts, pecans, and valuable timber.
Juglans nigra
Juglans nigra, black walnut or American walnut, is an eastern North American hardwood tree prized for dark chocolate-brown, dimensionally stable, decay-resistant timber used in furniture, veneer, and gunstocks, with edible nuts and disputed juglone allelopathy.
Juglans regia
Juglans regia, Persian or common walnut, a Juglandaceae tree native from Türkiye to the west Himalaya, anciently hybrid-origin, spread across Europe by humans since the Bronze Age for nuts and timber.
Jujube
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba, Chinese date, red date, 枣) is a temperate Rhamnaceae fruit tree native to China and Korea, domesticated from wild sour jujube over 7,000 years ago; distinct from Indian jujube Z. mauritiana, with ~2 million hectares grown in China.
Lithocarpus
Lithocarpus, the stone oaks, a genus of about 300-350 evergreen Fagaceae trees of tropical and subtropical Asia, insect-pollinated, with erect spikes and nuts in valveless cupules, distinct from Quercus.
Live oak
Live oak (Quercus virginiana), or southern/Virginia live oak, is a nearly evergreen southeastern US coastal oak with huge spreading crowns, salt-spray tolerance, dense shipbuilding wood, and Texas and sand live oak varieties.
Loganberry
Loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a raspberry-American blackberry hybrid created in 1881 by Judge James Harvey Logan in Santa Cruz, California; deep red, sharp fruit used for jams, juice, and processing, parent of tayberry and boysenberry.
Maclura
Maclura is a genus of about 13 spiny, dioecious trees, shrubs, and woody climbers in the mulberry family, Moraceae, native to Asia, Africa, the Pacific, and the Americas.
Maclura pomifera
Maclura pomifera, osage-orange or hedge-apple (bois-d'arc), a thorny dioecious Moraceae tree native to Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas, famous as pre-barbed-wire prairie hedgerows, with decay-resistant wood, and invasive in parts of Australia.
Malus
Malus (apple genus, crabapples) is a Rosaceae genus of 39 accepted species native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere; the domesticated apple M. domestica derives from M. sieversii of the Tian Shan via the Silk Road.
Malus pumila
Malus pumila Mill. (1768) is a botanical name for the cultivated apple, now a rejected synonym of Malus domestica; covers its nomenclature, Miller's Paradise Apple sense, and apple domestication from Malus sieversii.
Malus sylvestris
Malus sylvestris, the European wild apple or crab apple, is a small deciduous Rosaceae tree native to Europe and Türkiye, IUCN Data Deficient, and a major secondary genomic contributor to the cultivated apple Malus domestica.
Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica, the common medlar, is a small rose-family tree grown for brown fruits that become sweet only after bletting, native from the Caucasus to Iran.
Milicia
Milicia (Moraceae) is a genus of two dioecious tropical African timber trees, M. excelsa and M. regia, both traded as iroko; durable hardwood, near threatened/vulnerable, constrained by Phytolyma lata psyllid.
Milicia excelsa
Milicia excelsa (iroko, African teak, mvule) is a large dioecious Moraceae tree of tropical Africa, 30–50 m tall, yielding a valuable teak-substitute timber; IUCN Lower Risk/near threatened, heavily logged, plantations hindered by Phytolyma galls.
Moraceae
Moraceae, the mulberry family, is a tropical Rosales family of trees, shrubs, and figs with milky latex and stipular scars, sister to Urticaceae, about 47 accepted genera and over 1,000 species.
Morus alba
Morus alba, white mulberry (桑), a Moraceae tree native to central China, cultivated for millennia as the obligate feed of Bombyx mori silkworms; medicinal phytochemistry, forage value, and invasive hybridization with Morus rubra.