Life and health

Ciliary block glaucoma

Ciliary block glaucoma (malignant glaucoma, aqueous misdirection; ICD-11 9C61.35): rare secondary angle-closure glaucoma with aqueous misdirection into the vitreous, forward lens-iris displacement, and raised IOP despite patent iridotomy; treated with cycloplegics and vitrectomy.

Ciliary Microtubule Associated

Ciliary microtubule-associated proteins (CIMAPs, InterPro IPR051291; CIMAP1 formerly ODF3) are axonemal MAPs binding ciliary doublet microtubules; CIMAP1 in all motile cilia, CIMAP2 sperm-only, CIMAP3/PIFO basal body, linked to ciliopathies.

Ciliary microtubule inner protein 1-like

Ciliary microtubule inner protein 1-like (CIMIP1-like; human CIMIP1, formerly C20orf85/LLC1) denotes cilium-localized proteins homologous to human CIMIP1, a 137-aa ciliated-tissue protein reduced in non-small cell lung cancer, including uncharacterized fish orthologs such as Pholis gunnellus LOC306693992.

Ciliary muscle

The ciliary muscle (musculus ciliaris) is a ring of smooth muscle in the eye's ciliary body whose contraction lets the lens focus on near objects, a process called accommodation.

Ciliate

Ciliates, part of the phylum Ciliophora, are single-celled eukaryotes recognizable by their hair-like cilia and their unique nuclear dualism, featuring both a polyploid macronucleus and a diploid micronucleus.

Ciliate conjugation

Ciliate conjugation is sexual reproduction in ciliates such as Paramecium, Tetrahymena, and Euplotes: two cells of compatible mating types exchange haploid micronucleus-derived nuclei, forming a zygotic nucleus that develops new macronuclei and micronuclei, with 25–90% of germline DNA eliminated, without increasing cell numbers.

Ciliated cell

Ciliated cell: a cell bearing cilia, either motile 9+2 cilia that move mucus and fluid or a single 9+0 primary cilium acting as a signaling antenna; ciliary defects cause ciliopathies such as PKD.

Ciliated epithelial cell

Ciliated epithelial cell (CL:0000067): an epithelial cell bearing cilia, either 200-300 motile 9+2 cilia in airways, brain ventricles, and oviduct, or one sensory primary cilium; key to mucociliary clearance and linked to PCD, COPD, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Ciliates in wastewater treatment

Ciliates in wastewater treatment are crawling and stalk-attached protozoa in activated sludge that graze dispersed bacteria and indicate plant health, scored by the Sludge Biotic Index.

Ciliopathy

Ciliopathy: genetic disorders caused by defective cilia or basal bodies, including polycystic kidney disease, Bardet-Biedl, Joubert, and Meckel syndromes, plus motile-cilia primary ciliary dyskinesia; 35 reported ciliopathies, 187 established genes.

Cilium

Cilium: hair-like microtubule-based organelle projecting from eukaryotic cells; motile 9+2 cilia beat via dynein, solitary 9+0 primary cilia sense signals; built by intraflagellar transport; defects cause ciliopathies such as polycystic kidney disease and PCD.

Cilmostim

Cilmostim is the international nonproprietary name for a recombinant form of human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), a phase 3 investigational protein targeting the CSF1R receptor that is not an approved medicine.

Cilnidipine

Cilnidipine (FRC8653), a fourth-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker blocking both L-type and N-type calcium channels, treats essential hypertension; trials show efficacy similar to amlodipine with added proteinuria reduction in chronic kidney disease.

Cilofexor

Cilofexor (GS-9674, formerly Px-104) is an oral nonsteroidal agonist of the farnesoid X receptor developed by Gilead for liver diseases, whose phase 3 PSC trial ended early for futility.

Cilomilast

Cilomilast (Ariflo, SB 207499) is an oral, second-generation, PDE4D-selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor developed by GSK for COPD and asthma; modest phase III efficacy, gastrointestinal side effects, and FDA non-approval led to discontinuation.

Cilostazol

Cilostazol (Pletal, Ekistol) is a PDE3 and adenosine-uptake inhibitor approved in 1999 for intermittent claudication in peripheral arterial disease; contraindicated in heart failure, EMA-restricted in 2011, with 40-60% walking-distance gains versus placebo.

CILP study

Child and Infant Learning Project (CILP), NCT00077831: Seattle Children's Hospital longitudinal study led by Matt Speltz on cognitive and motor development in single-suture craniosynostosis, with 125 matched case-control pairs showing presurgery delays.

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel, Carvykti, JNJ-68284528) is a BCMA-directed autologous CAR T-cell therapy by Janssen for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, FDA-approved February 2022 and expanded to second-line use in April 2024.

Cimetidine

Cimetidine (Tagamet), a histamine H2-receptor antagonist developed by James Black's team at Smith Kline & French and approved in England in 1976; the first $1-billion-a-year drug and a breakthrough ulcer treatment.

Cimetropium

Cimetropium (cimetropium bromide) is a quaternary ammonium antimuscarinic antispasmodic, a semisynthetic scopolamine derivative (ATC A03BB05) studied for irritable bowel syndrome and infantile colic; never approved in the US or Canada.

Cimex hemipterus

Cimex hemipterus, the tropical bed bug (Fabricius, 1803), a Cimicidae blood-feeding ectoparasite of humans in tropics and subtropics; distinguished from C. lectularius by pronotum shape, tenent hairs, and high pyrethroid resistance.

Cimex lectularius

Cimex lectularius, the common bed bug, is a cosmopolitan human ectoparasite of the family Cimicidae, about 5 mm long, feeding at night; distinguished from tropical C. hemipterus by a wider pronotum, and marked by pyrethroid resistance and a post-1990s global resurgence.

Cimicosis

Cimicosis, or bedbug infestation (ICD-11 1G06), is the skin eruption from bites of Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus; papular or linear itchy lesions, no disease transmission, symptomatic treatment only.

CIMMYT

CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, is a Mexico-based nonprofit agricultural research organization, founded in 1966, that breeds improved maize and wheat varieties distributed worldwide.

CinA, C-terminal

CinA, C-terminal (CinA_C, InterPro IPR008136, Pfam PF02464) is a bacterial protein domain from the competence-inducible cin operon, identical to the PncC NMN deamidase domain of the pyridine nucleotide cycle.

Cinacalcet

Cinacalcet (Sensipar, Mimpara) is a calcimimetic, a positive allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor; first FDA-approved calcimimetic (2004) and first approved allosteric GPCR modulator, used for dialysis-related secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia.

CINCA syndrome

CINCA syndrome, also called NOMID or Prieur-Griscelli syndrome, is the severe neonatal-onset end of the NLRP3-related cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, causing urticarial rash, aseptic meningitis, hearing loss, and destructive arthropathy, treated with anti-IL-1 drugs.

Cinchona

Cinchona, Andean Rubiaceae tree genus (quina, fever tree), source of quinine bark used against malaria since the 1630s; 24 species, Java plantations, 1942 Cinchona Missions.

Cinchophen

Cinchophen (atophan), 2-phenylcinchoninic acid, a quinoline NSAID introduced in 1908 by Nicolaier and Dohrn; uricosuric gout drug withdrawn for idiosyncratic liver toxicity, the first recognized non-dose-related drug-induced hepatic injury.