72,234 articles
Entoptic phenomenon
Entoptic phenomenon: visual sensations arising inside the eye itself, including floaters, blue field entoptic phenomenon (Scheerer phenomenon), Haidinger's brushes, and the Purkinje tree; used clinically to measure macular blood flow.
Entorhinal cortex
The entorhinal cortex is a medial temporal lobe region acting as the gateway between the hippocampus and neocortex, central to memory and containing grid cells for navigation.
Entospletinib
Entospletinib (GS-9973) is an oral, selective SYK inhibitor for hematologic malignancies; 61% ORR in relapsed/refractory CLL, 32.7% after BCR inhibitors; not FDA approved.
ENTPD1
ENTPD1, also called CD39 or NTPDase1, is a human cell-surface ectonucleotidase on chromosome 10 that hydrolyzes extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP, limiting thrombosis and inflammation while generating immunosuppressive adenosine with CD73 in tumors.
Entrectinib
Entrectinib (Rozlytrek) is an oral TRKA/B/C, ROS1, and ALK inhibitor for NTRK fusion-positive solid tumors and ROS1-positive NSCLC, approved in Japan (2019), the US (2019), and the EU (2020), with CNS-penetrant activity.
Enucleation of the eye
Enucleation of the eye is surgical removal of the entire globe, unlike evisceration (contents only) or exenteration (whole orbit). First documented by Bartisch in 1583; used for intraocular malignancy, blind painful eye, and trauma, usually with an orbital implant and later prosthesis.
Enuresis
Enuresis (nocturnal enuresis, bedwetting): involuntary urination during sleep at age 5 or older without neurological disease. Classified primary/secondary and mono/non-monosymptomatic; driven by nocturnal polyuria, small bladder capacity, and high arousal threshold; treated with alarm therapy and desmopressin.
EnVAC (EV71 vaccine, Envacgen)
Envacgen (恩穩健), Medigen's inactivated whole-virus EV71 (enterovirus A71) vaccine, B4 genotype, Vero-cell made; 96.8% efficacy in phase 3; approved in Taiwan 2023 and first EV-A71 vaccine authorized in Vietnam 2026.
Envafolimab
Envafolimab (ENWEIDA, 恩维达, KN035) is a subcutaneously injectable humanized single-domain anti-PD-L1 antibody fused to human IgG1 Fc, approved in China in November 2021 for previously treated MSI-H/dMMR advanced solid tumors.
Environment
Environment: the external elements and conditions surrounding and affecting an organism or population; defined in ecology (EPA, MeSH D004777), EU law, and public health, with environs as its formal ecological operationalization.
Environmental assessment
Environmental assessment (EA): systematic evaluation of environmental effects of projects, plans and policies before decisions. Key forms EIA and SEA; originated in US NEPA 1969; now near-universal in national law.
Environmental DNA detection
Environmental DNA detection is a molecular ecology method that identifies species from DNA shed into water, soil, or sediment, used to detect rare, endangered, and invasive species.
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis are the temperature, moisture, and habitat conditions that control the amphibian chytrid fungus Bd, which thrives at 17–25°C and persists in water and moist soil for months.
Environmental education
Environmental education teaches knowledge, values, attitudes, and skills for understanding and solving environmental problems, formalized by the 1977 Tbilisi Declaration; meta-analyses show gains in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, now advanced by UNESCO's Greening Education Partnership.
Environmental Exposure
Environmental exposure: contact with harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment (MeSH D004781), via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal routes; studied through exposure assessment, pathways, and the exposome in environmental epidemiology.
Environmental factor
Environmental factor: any external abiotic or biotic condition (FAO, EPA) influencing organisms' development and survival. Key ideas: limiting factors (Liebig), tolerance ranges (Shelford), Hutchinsonian niche, factor interactions, and niche modelling.
Environmental footprint
Environmental footprint: a quantitative indicator of environmental pressure from a person, product, or organization. Includes the Ecological Footprint (Wackernagel and Rees), carbon and water footprints, LCA-based calculation, and EU PEF/OEF methods.
Environmental health
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with physical, chemical, and biological factors outside the body that affect health, such as air pollution and unsafe water.
Environmental health perspectives
Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly open-access journal of environmental health research founded by NIEHS in 1972, transferred to the American Chemical Society after a 2025 suspension.
Environmental impact and sustainability of aquaculture
The environmental impact of aquaculture is dominated by feed production, which drives over 80% of global warming impacts in salmon farming, while organic waste drives eutrophication.
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture: farming's effects on water, climate, land and biodiversity. Largest water user; ~30% of anthropogenic GHG; dominant ammonia source; OECD and footprint evidence.
Environmental impact of pesticides
Environmental impact of pesticides: harm to non-target organisms, soil, water, and biodiversity from insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides; meta-analyses of 1,705 studies and the neonicotinoid WIA document broad negative effects and regulatory underestimation.
Environmental impacts of animal agriculture
Environmental impacts of animal agriculture: livestock's effects on climate, land, water, and biodiversity. Livestock emissions were 4.3 Gt CO2eq in 2023; ruminants produce about one-third of anthropogenic methane; agriculture uses 70% of freshwater.
Environmental impacts of fish farming
Fish farming affects the environment mainly through releases from net pens and cages: nitrogen and phosphorus that drive algal blooms, waste that smothers the seabed, and antibiotics and chemicals, with closed recirculating systems capturing most waste.
Environmental issues
Environmental issues are the harmful effects of human activity on the natural environment, including climate change, biodiversity loss, land degradation, pollution, and resource depletion; UNEP calls them a triple planetary crisis.
Environmental issues in the Philippines
Environmental issues in the Philippines: deforestation, mining damage, air and water pollution, plastic waste, and top-ranked climate disaster risk; EPI 2026 rank 162, 23 cyclones in 2025, Extended Producer Responsibility Act 2022.
Environmental issues with coral reefs
Environmental issues with coral reefs: climate change, bleaching, ocean acidification, overfishing, and pollution threatening reefs that host 25% of marine species; fourth global bleaching event hit 84% of reef area from 2023 to 2025.
Environmental management
Environmental Management (Springer, ISSN 0364-152X / 1432-1009), founded 1976, a monthly peer-reviewed interdisciplinary environmental sciences journal, MEDLINE- and SCIE-indexed, Impact Factor 3.4 (2025); distinct from Elsevier's Journal of Environmental Management.
Environmental Medicine
Environmental medicine is the medical specialty concerned with environmental factors in human disease, covering exposures to chemical and physical hazards through contaminated soil, water, and air.
Environmental microbiology
Environmental microbiology studies microorganisms in the environment, microbial communities, interactions, and microbially driven processes such as biogeochemical cycles and bioremediation; its flagship journal Environmental Microbiology (ISSN 1462-2912) began in 1999.