72,234 articles
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring: systematic ongoing collection and analysis of environmental data (air, water, radiation, chemical exposure) for public health action, from historical surveillance roots to CDC tracking, WHO air guidelines, and low-cost sensor networks.
Environmental protection
Environmental protection, also known as environmental conservation, is the practice of safeguarding the natural environment, including landscapes, flora, fauna, and ecosystems, from harm caused by human activity through laws and conservation.
Environmental science
Environmental science: interdisciplinary study of interactions among living and non-living parts of the environment, focused on human impact; distinct from environmental engineering, ecology, and environmental studies; institutionalized in the 1960s-1970s.
Environmental studies
Environmental studies: interdisciplinary higher-education field on human-environment interactions, distinct from environmental science; free-standing programs since the 1960s, careers in policy, planning, conservation, and education.
Environmental tick bite prevention
Environmental tick bite prevention covers non-chemical landscape measures that reduce contact between people and ticks: mowing, removing leaf litter, installing woodchip or gravel barriers, and fencing out deer.
Environmental toxicology
Environmental toxicology, also called environmental toxicology science, studies how pollutants in air, soil, water, and sediment harm organisms and ecosystems; distinct from ecotoxicology, it underpins risk assessment and journals like Environmental Toxicology.
Environmentalism
Environmentalism: social and political movement seeking weight for the natural environment in policy. Key markers: Silent Spring (1962), Earth Day 1970 with 20 million US participants, EPA creation, UNEP, deep ecology, environmental justice.
Envonalkib citrate (TQ-B3139)
Envonalkib citrate (TQ-B3139, CT-711; brand Anluoqing, 安洛晴) is an oral ALK/ROS1/c-Met inhibitor approved in China in June 2024 for first-line ALK-positive advanced NSCLC, with phase III PFS of 24.87 months versus 11.60 for crizotinib.
Enypniastes
Enypniastes (Enypniastes eximia), the headless chicken monster, is a deep-sea swimming sea cucumber of family Pelagothuriidae; it swims almost continuously with a webbed velum, sheds glowing sticky skin, and reaches nearly 7,000 m depth.
Enzalutamide
Enzalutamide (Xtandi, formerly MDV3100) is an oral second-generation androgen receptor inhibitor approved in 2012 for prostate cancer, dosed 160 mg daily, used across CRPC, nmCRPC, and mCSPC settings.
Enzastaurin
Enzastaurin (LY317615, AR101) is an oral PKCβ-selective kinase inhibitor developed by Eli Lilly for solid and hematologic cancers; it failed phase III testing in DLBCL and glioblastoma and was never approved.
Enzootic abortion of ewes
Ovine chlamydiosis, also called enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) or ovine enzootic abortion (OEA), is a Chlamydia abortus infection of sheep and goats causing late-pregnancy abortion, necrotic placentas, latent carriage, and zoonotic risk to pregnant women.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), cattle disease caused by bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus; mostly subclinical, causing persistent lymphocytosis in ~30% and lymphosarcoma in 1-10%; diagnosed by AGID, ELISA, and PCR; no vaccine.
Enzymatic C–H functionalization by engineered cytochrome P450s
Enzymatic C–H functionalization by engineered cytochrome P450s uses protein-engineered heme monooxygenases to selectively convert C–H bonds into C–O, C–N, or C–C bonds under mild, aqueous conditions.
Enzymatic halogenation
Enzymatic halogenation is the introduction of chlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine atoms into organic molecules by enzymes, chiefly in the biosynthesis of natural products like antibiotics.
Enzymatic plastic degradation
Enzymatic plastic degradation is the breakdown of synthetic polymer chains by enzymes, most prominently PET hydrolases like PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, offering mild-condition recycling at 40 to 70 °C.
Enzymatic plastic recycling
Enzymatic plastic recycling uses enzymes, usually hydrolytic ones, to depolymerize plastic waste into monomers that can be repolymerized into virgin-quality plastic; it is most advanced for PET, early-stage for nylons, and not yet viable for polyolefins.
Enzymatic synthesis of complex glycosides with engineered glycosyltransferases
Enzymatic synthesis of complex glycosides with engineered glycosyltransferases builds defined oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates using glycosyltransferases modified by rational design or directed evolution, avoiding lengthy protecting-group chemistry.
Enzyme
Enzyme: biological catalyst, almost always a protein (sometimes RNA), that speeds specific cellular reactions by lowering activation energy; thousands per cell; discovered via Buchner's 1897 cell-free fermentation; central to metabolism, industry, medicine, and AI-driven enzyme engineering.
Enzyme assay
Enzyme assay: laboratory measurement of enzyme catalytic activity via substrate loss or product formation rate, using initial-velocity Michaelis-Menten kinetics, spectrophotometric (340 nm NADH) or fluorometric readouts, in units of U or katal.
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis: acceleration of chemical reactions by biological catalysts (enzymes, biocatalysts). Covers lock-and-key and induced-fit binding, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, kcat/KM, and industrial uses in detergents, food, and pharmaceuticals.
Enzyme Commission number
An Enzyme Commission (EC) number is a four-part numerical code identifying an enzyme by the reaction it catalyzes, assigned by the IUBMB's Nomenclature Committee since 1961.
Enzyme immobilization
Enzyme immobilization is the attachment or confinement of enzymes to or within insoluble materials so the catalyst can be reused. Methods include adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking.
Enzyme immunoassay
An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is a biochemical test using an enzyme-labeled antibody to detect and quantify analytes in biological samples; the plate-based ELISA is its most common form.
Enzyme Induction
Enzyme induction: increased synthesis of an inducible enzyme in response to an inducer, classically via repressor-operator control (lac operon) and, in drug metabolism, via nuclear receptor activation of CYP enzymes, causing drug-drug interactions.
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its catalytic activity. Inhibitors include reversible types, covalent irreversible agents, and widely used drugs.
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics, also called Michaelis-Menten kinetics, studies how substrate, inhibitor, and enzyme concentrations determine enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates, defined by the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten equation with parameters Km and Vmax, now fitted by nonlinear regression rather than Lineweaver-Burk plots.
Enzyme promiscuity
Enzyme promiscuity is the ability of an enzyme to catalyze reactions beyond its specialized function, often serving as a starting point for evolving new enzyme functions.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) administers a missing enzyme, first for Gaucher disease in 1991, later Pompe, Fabry, MPS, alpha-mannosidosis, cTTP (Adzynma), and pancreatic insufficiency; limited by blood-brain barrier and antibodies.
Enzyme-modified dextrin
Enzyme-modified dextrin, also called resistant dextrin or resistant maltodextrin (NUTRIOSE, FiberSMART), is a soluble starch-derived dietary fiber made by acid-heat dextrinization plus enzymatic treatment; FDA GRAS since 2013, 3 to 9 g per serving.