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Epidermal growth factor receptor
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1/HER1) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase of the ERBB/HER family; activating mutations (exon 19 deletion, L858R) drive NSCLC, and EGFR is targeted by antibodies and TKIs such as osimertinib.
Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein
EGF-like domain-containing proteins carry compact ~40-residue extracellular modules with six cysteines forming three disulfides, often calcium-binding, found in clotting factors, fibrillin, Notch, and the ten-member EGFL family.
Epidermal melanocyte
Epidermal melanocyte: neural crest-derived dendritic cell in the basal epidermis (also called epidermal melanin unit cell) that makes melanin in melanosomes and transfers it, via melanocores or globules, to 30-40 keratinocytes for UV photoprotection.
Epidermal naevus
Epidermal naevus (epidermal nevus): benign overgrowth of the epidermis present at birth or early childhood, following Blaschko lines, caused by mosaic FGFR3, PIK3CA, or RAS mutations, sometimes syndromic.
Epidermal nevus syndrome
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS, Orphanet ORPHA:35125) is a group of rare mosaic disorders combining epidermal nevi with extracutaneous abnormalities of the brain, eyes, skeleton, and other systems, caused by postzygotic RAS-pathway mutations.
Epidermis
Epidermis: the outermost layer of skin, a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with four or five strata, about 90% keratinocytes, thickness from 31 µm to 596.6 µm by body site, renewed every 28 to 50 days.
Epidermis (botany)
Epidermis (botany): the outermost dermal cell layer of the primary plant body, secreting a cuticle on aerial organs and bearing stomata, trichomes, and root hairs; distinct from animal epidermis and from periderm.
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV, Lewandowsky-Lutz disease) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis causing beta-HPV susceptibility, flat warts, and 30-60% skin cancer risk, linked to TMC6/EVER1 or TMC8/EVER2 mutations.
Epidermoid cyst
Epidermoid cyst (epidermal inclusion cyst, follicular infundibular cyst), a benign keratin-filled skin cyst from the hair follicle infundibulum; not a sebaceous cyst; firm 1–3 cm nodule with central punctum, treated by complete excision.
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare inherited skin disorders in which minor friction causes blisters, because structural proteins anchoring the skin layers are missing or defective.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease caused by IgG autoantibodies against type VII collagen, distinct from inherited epidermolysis bullosa, with mechanobullous and inflammatory forms and an association with Crohn's disease.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation (EBS-MP, OMIM 131960) is a rare autosomal dominant KRT5-related skin-fragility disorder with neonatal blistering, later reticulate hyperpigmentation that fades in adulthood, keratoderma, and nail dystrophy.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD, OMIM 226670) is a rare autosomal recessive plectinopathy caused by PLEC mutations, featuring neonatal skin blistering, nail dystrophy, and later-onset progressive muscular dystrophy.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with pyloric atresia
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with pyloric atresia (EBS-PA, OMIM 612138) is a rare autosomal recessive skin-fragility disorder with congenital pyloric atresia, caused by PLEC, ITGB4, or ITGA6 mutations and usually fatal in infancy.
Epidermolytic nevus
Epidermolytic nevus (epidermal nevus with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) is a rare mosaic birth defect: verrucous Blaschko-linear skin lesions with EHK histology, no extracutaneous involvement, and risk of transmitting bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma.
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK, Vörner's keratosis, OMIM 144200) is a rare autosomal dominant skin disease causing yellow thickening of palms and soles with erythematous borders, caused mostly by KRT9 mutations.
Epidermophyton
Epidermophyton (Sabour., 1907) is a dermatophyte fungus genus in Arthrodermataceae with one accepted species, E. floccosum, an anthropophilic cause of tinea cruris and tinea pedis; ITS analysis keeps it a separate genus, β-tubulin places it in Nannizzia.
Epididymis
Epididymis: convoluted duct connecting testis to vas deferens, with initial segment, caput, corpus, and cauda regions; site of mammalian sperm maturation, concentration, protection, and storage via epididymosomes.
Epididymitis
Epididymitis, inflammation of the epididymis behind the testicle, acute (<6 weeks) or chronic; caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, or E. coli; treated with ceftriaxone plus doxycycline or levofloxacin; torsion is the key differential.
Epidural administration
Epidural administration injects local anesthetics or opioids into the epidural space between dura mater and vertebral canal. Pioneered by Corning (1885), Sicard and Cathelin (1901), and Fidel Pagés (1921); used for labor, surgery, and postoperative pain.
Epidural Blood Patch
Epidural blood patch (EBP): injection of a patient's own blood, typically 10–20 mL, into the epidural space to seal dural punctures and CSF leaks; first reported by Gormley in 1960; treats post-dural puncture headache and spontaneous intracranial hypotension.
Epidural hematoma
Epidural hematoma (EDH, extradural hematoma): blood between skull and dura, usually from middle meningeal artery tear after skull fracture. Biconvex on CT, lucid interval in under 20%, surgery if over 30 cm3 per Brain Trauma Foundation.
Epidural steroid injection
An epidural steroid injection delivers a corticosteroid, often with local anesthetic, into the epidural space around spinal nerves to relieve radicular pain from disc herniation and spinal stenosis.
Epigallocatechin gallate
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, is the major catechin polyphenol of green tea (Camellia sinensis), isolated in 1948; known for poor bioavailability, anti-inflammatory and anticancer research, and liver-toxicity limits above 800 mg/day.
Epigastric hernia
Epigastric hernia: a ventral hernia through the linea alba between the xiphoid process and umbilicus, usually containing preperitoneal fat, 2-3 times more common in men, repaired surgically, often with mesh.
Epigastrium
Epigastrium (regio epigastrica): the upper central abdominal region below the sternum, above the umbilicus, flanked by the hypochondriac regions. Contains stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum; epigastric pain (ICD-10 R10.13) has a broad differential including cardiac causes.
Epigenetic clock
An epigenetic clock is a biomarker method estimating biological age from DNA methylation patterns, used in aging research to assess disease risk and aging rate.
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: heritable control of transcription without DNA sequence change, via DNA methylation (DNMTs, TETs), histone modification, Polycomb complexes, and noncoding RNA.
Epigenetic therapy
Epigenetic therapy is a class of cancer treatment that uses drugs such as azacitidine and decitabine to reverse abnormal DNA methylation and histone modifications, reprogramming tumor cells rather than killing them.
Epigenetics
Epigenetics (epigenomics) is the study of gene-activity changes without DNA sequence alteration, via DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs; the term was coined by Waddington, and transgenerational inheritance in mammals remains debated.