Volcanoes and volcanic landforms

Ejecta

Ejecta is material forced or thrown out, especially by a volcanic eruption, an impact on a planet or moon, or a stellar explosion, ranging from ash to bombs.

Erciyes Volcanic Complex (Erciyes Dağı, Argaeus Mons) is central Anatolia's largest active stratovolcano, 3917 m, with a 14 × 18 km Koç Dağ caldera, Holocene Karagüllü, Perikartin, and Dikkartin tuff-ring eruptions, and Kayseri built on its deposits.

Oct 15, 2026

Eruption column

An eruption column is the vertical or near-vertical mixture of pyroclasts, volcanic gas, and entrained air rising from an explosive volcanic vent, from a few hundred meters into the stratosphere.

Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD

The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD was a Plinian eruption that destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum near the Bay of Naples.

Fumarole

A fumarole is an opening in the Earth's surface that emits steam and volcanic gases, forming near active volcanoes or where magma rises without erupting.

Gamchen

Gamchen (Вулкан Гамчен, Sopka Khamchenskaya) is a complex of four stratovolcanoes in Kamchatka's Eastern Volcanic Arc, 2,539 m high, last erupting 188 BCE (VEI 3), with fumaroles and a UNESCO setting.

Gede-Pangrango

Gede-Pangrango: twin stratovolcanoes (Gede 2,958 m, Pangrango 3,019 m) 60 km south of Jakarta, West Java, last erupting in 1957; their rain forest forms Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, a major hiking and biodiversity destination.

Gilwern Volcanic Formation

Gilwern Volcanic Formation (GIVO, Gwn): Llanvirn Middle Ordovician unit of the Builth Volcanic Group in the Builth-Llandrindod Inlier, central Wales; basic lapilli tuffs, reworked tuffaceous sandstones, dacite domes, and the Castle Bank Biota.

Gorny Institute

Gorny Institute (Gornogo Instituta, Gornyi Institute) is a 2,125 m Holocene stratovolcano in the central Sredinny Range, Kamchatka, Russia; last major eruption about 700 years ago (1250 CE).

Great Sitkin

Great Sitkin is an active andesitic stratovolcano with a summit caldera on uninhabited Great Sitkin Island in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in continuous eruption since May 2021 with slow lava effusion since July 2021.

Griggs

Mount Griggs (formerly Knife Peak) is a 2,317-m andesitic stratovolcano in Katmai National Park, Alaska, the cluster's highest peak, lying about 10 km behind the volcanic front, active since about 292 ka, fumarolically active, last eruption about 1790 BCE.

Grímsvötn

Grímsvötn, also known as Grimsvotn volcano, is Iceland's most active subglacial volcano, lying beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap. Its 2011 eruption sent ash over 20 km high and disrupted air travel across northern Europe.

Guntur (landform)

Guntur (Gunung Guntur), "thunder," is a 2,251 m complex stratovolcano in West Java near Garut, last erupting in 1847 after 24 eruptions since 1690; it drives the Kamojang and Darajat geothermal fields.

Haruj

Haruj (Al Haruj, هروج) is a large intraplate basaltic volcanic field of about 45,000 km2 in central Libya, at the SW margin of the Sirt Basin, with ~150 volcanoes and K-Ar ages of 6-0.4 Ma.

Hasandag-Keciboyduran Volcanic Complex

The Hasandag-Keciboyduran Volcanic Complex (Hasandağ-Keçiboyduran volkanik kompleksi) is a volcanic field in Central Anatolia, Turkey, centered on Hasan Dağı, a double-peaked stratovolcano rising to 3253 m.

Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain

The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, also called the Hawaiian Ridge Emperor Seamounts, is a mostly submarine line of over 100 Pacific volcanoes spanning about 6,000 km.

Heart Peaks

Heart Peaks: Pleistocene shield volcano with rhyolite lava domes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, NW British Columbia, Canada; 2,012 m, no Holocene eruptions, low ash hazard, epithermal gold-silver prospect.

Hekla

Hekla is an active stratovolcano in southern Iceland, standing 1,490 m high and among the country's most active, erupting 23 times in historical time, most recently in 2000.

Hotspot (geology)

A hotspot is a volcanic region, usually far from plate boundaries, where magma rises from a fixed source, leaving trails of volcanoes like Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone.

Huambo (landform)

Huambo is a monogenetic volcanic field in the Arequipa Region of southern Peru, east of Sabancaya, whose Cerro Keyocc cone last erupted about 2,650 years ago.

Humeros, Los

Los Humeros is a large Pleistocene-Holocene silicic caldera complex in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Puebla, Mexico, hosting one of the country's operating geothermal fields since 1990.

Ichinsky

Ichinsky (Ichinskaya Sopka, Icha) is Kamchatka's highest Sredinny Range stratovolcano, 3,596-3,621 m, a 450 km3 edifice with a glacier-filled caldera; last erupted 1740 CE, largest Holocene eruption about 6,500 BP.

Ignimbrite

Ignimbrite is the rock or deposit formed by pyroclastic density currents, hot ground-hugging flows of pumice, ash, and gas from collapsed eruption columns, also called ash-flow tuff.

Ijen

Ijen, in Indonesian Gunung Ijen, is a volcanic complex in eastern Java, Indonesia, known for its turquoise acid crater lake, blue sulfur flames, and sulfur mining.

Indian Heaven

Indian Heaven volcanic field: basaltic shield-volcano and cinder-cone field in Skamania County, Washington, 30 km southwest of Mount Adams; ~50 vents, Big Lava Bed eruption about 9,000 years ago, low threat, USGS-monitored.

Infiernillo

Infiernillo (GVP 357041) is a late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic andesite volcanic field in Mendoza, Argentina, along the Río Salado near Malargüe; last eruption 6890 BCE at Volcán Hoyo Colorado; distinct from Mexican and Salvadoran places named Infiernillo.