Clinical assessment and procedures

OAK trial

OAK (GO28915, NCT02008227) was Roche's phase 3 trial of atezolizumab versus docetaxel in 1225 previously treated NSCLC patients, showing median overall survival 13.8 versus 9.6 months and supporting FDA and EMA approval.

Objective structured clinical examination

The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a performance-based medical assessment where examinees rotate through timed stations, scored on clinical tasks, devised in Scotland in the 1970s.

Obstetric Surgical Procedures

Obstetric surgical procedures are operations performed on a pregnant woman for conditions of pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium, ranging from cesarean section, the most frequent major abdominal surgery worldwide, to cervical cerclage.

Obstetric ultrasonography

Obstetric ultrasonography (prenatal ultrasound, fetal sonography) images the fetus and uterus with sound waves, not radiation. Key uses: CRL dating at 8–14 weeks, biometry (BPD, HC, AC, FL), anomaly screening, Doppler, 3D/4D imaging.

Obstetrical Analgesia

Obstetrical analgesia (obstetric analgesia) is pain relief without loss of consciousness during labor, delivery, or the postpartum period. Main methods: epidural and combined spinal-epidural blocks, parenteral opioids, nitrous oxide; epidural gives the strongest pain relief with trade-offs in hypotension, fever, and assisted birth.

Obstetrical and Gynecological Diagnostic Techniques

Obstetrical and gynecological diagnostic techniques (MeSH D003944) are methods for diagnosing pregnancy, labor, puerperium, and female genital diseases, spanning ultrasound, NIPT, amniocentesis, CVS, hysteroscopy, and colposcopy.

Obstetrical Extraction

Obstetrical extraction, or operative vaginal delivery, is birth assisted by obstetric forceps or a vacuum extractor (ventouse) during the second stage of labor; rates run 5-20% in high-income countries and are declining.

Obstetrical Forceps

Obstetrical forceps: two-bladed metal instrument for assisted vaginal birth, invented by Peter Chamberlen the Elder, kept secret a century, refined by Smellie; now used in under 1% of US vaginal births.

Oct 20, 2026

Obstetricians

Obstetricians: physicians specializing in obstetrics (pregnancy and childbirth care). Also called accoucheurs historically; certified by ABOG in the US; distinct from midwife-led maternity care.

Obstetrics

Obstetrics is the medical specialty covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Key facts: 287,000 maternal deaths in 2020, 140 million annual births, 81% skilled attendance, home/FMU birth evidence, and 2027 US payment reform.

Obstetrics and gynaecology

Obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN, O&G) is the combined medical-surgical specialty covering pregnancy, childbirth, and female reproductive health, with subspecialties like maternal-fetal medicine and gynecologic oncology and active debate over splitting the fields.

Obstetrics and gynecology

Obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn, OB/GYN) is the medical specialty covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the female reproductive system; ACOG, founded 1951, is its main US body, with the Green and Gray Journals as flagships.

Obturation (endodontics)

Obturation, also called the obturation technique, is the endodontic procedure of filling and sealing a cleaned root canal with gutta-percha and a sealer to entomb residual bacteria.

Occipital nerve stimulation

Occipital nerve stimulation is a neuromodulation treatment in which leads implanted near the occipital nerves deliver electrical pulses to relieve refractory headache and facial pain, including occipital neuralgia and chronic migraine.

Occlusal adjustment

Occlusal adjustment, also known as occlusal equilibration or coronoplasty, is a dental procedure that reshapes biting surfaces so the teeth contact each other harmoniously; it is irreversible.

Occlusal Splints

Occlusal splints, also called bite guards or nightguards, are removable rigid or flexible dental appliances covering the teeth, used to manage temporomandibular disorders, clenching, bruxism, and jaw pain.

Occlusive Dressings

Occlusive dressings are wound coverings (films, foams, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates) that seal wounds to maintain moisture, speeding reepithelialization and lowering infection rates versus gauze, though surgical-trial and cost benefits vary by wound type.

Occupational medicine

Occupational medicine: medical specialty for prevention, diagnosis, and management of work-related illness and injury, fitness-for-work assessment, health surveillance, and return-to-work practice, grounded in WHO and ILO standards.

Occupational therapist

Occupational therapist (OT): autonomous health professional helping people with injuries, illness, or disabilities perform daily living and work activities. Profession founded 1917; WFOT sets global education standards; US median pay $100,330, 15% projected growth 2025–2035.

Occupational therapy

Occupational therapy: health profession supporting participation in meaningful everyday occupations. Formalized 1917 in the US; global body WFOT founded 1952, 105 member organizations, WHO relations since 1959.

OCT-ORION trial

OCT-ORION (NCT01742507) was a 2018 randomized optical coherence tomography trial in 60 multivessel-disease patients comparing Resolute Integrity durable-polymer zotarolimus-eluting and BioMatrix biodegradable-polymer biolimus A9-eluting stents; the durable-polymer stent showed better strut coverage with similar clinical outcomes.

OCTAVE trial (NCT01465763)

OCTAVE Induction 1 (NCT01465763) was a phase 3, placebo-controlled trial testing oral tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily as 8-week induction therapy for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis.

Ocular biometry

Ocular biometry is the measurement of the eye's dimensions, chiefly corneal curvature, axial length, and anterior chamber depth, used to calculate intraocular lens power for cataract surgery.

Ocular fluorophotometry

Ocular fluorophotometry, also known as vitreous fluorophotometry, is a technique that measures fluorescein concentration along the eye's axis to quantify blood-retinal barrier permeability and aqueous flow.

Ocular prosthesis

Ocular prosthesis (artificial eye, glass eye): wearable device replacing lost eye tissue after enucleation, evisceration, or congenital anophthalmia; made of cryolite glass or PMMA, fitted 5-8 weeks post-surgery, polished yearly, increasingly 3D printed.

Ocular Refraction

Ocular refraction (eye refraction, retinoscopy, autorefraction) is the clinical measurement of the eye's refractive error to derive an eyeglass or contact lens prescription, by subjective, objective, or cycloplegic methods.

Oculography

Oculography is the clinical recording of eye movements, including saccades, smooth pursuit, and nystagmus, to assess vestibular, neurological, and ocular motor disorders, chiefly by electro-oculography and video-oculography.

Odontoidectomy

Odontoidectomy is a neurosurgical procedure that removes the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra to relieve compression of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

Oct 20, 2026

Odontology

Odontology (ISSN 1618-1247) is a peer-reviewed English dentistry and craniofacial research journal, official journal of the Society of the Nippon Dental University, published by Springer since 2001 as successor to Shigaku; MEDLINE-indexed, 2025 impact factor 2.6.