5,159 articles
Autologous blood transfusion
Autologous blood transfusion is the return of a patient's own previously collected blood instead of donor blood, used in cardiac, orthopedic, trauma, and obstetric surgery through techniques such as cell salvage.
Autologous breast reconstruction
Autologous breast reconstruction is a surgical technique that rebuilds the breast after mastectomy using the patient's own tissue, most often a DIEP flap from the abdomen, accounting for about a quarter of US breast reconstructions.
Autologous chondrocyte implantation
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a two-stage cell-based surgery that repairs cartilage defects, chiefly in the knee, first reported in humans by Brittberg and colleagues in 1994.
Autologous fat transfer
Autologous fat transfer, or fat grafting, is a surgical procedure that moves a patient's own fat by liposuction to restore volume in the face, breasts, or buttocks.
Autologous fat transplantation
Autologous fat transplantation, also called fat grafting or lipofilling, is a surgical procedure that moves a patient's own fat to restore volume, most often in the breast and face.
Autologous fecal microbiota transplantation
Autologous fecal microbiota transplantation (auto-FMT) is a procedure in which a patient's own stool, banked before treatment, is reinfused to restore gut microbiota after antibiotics or chemotherapy.
Automated breast ultrasound
Automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) is an imaging method that acquires 3D ultrasound of the whole breast, approved as an adjunct to mammography for screening women with dense breast tissue.
Automatic exposure control
Automatic exposure control (AEC) is a radiographic technique in which sensors behind the patient terminate the X-ray exposure once the image receptor receives a preset signal, keeping image quality consistent.
Autonomic Denervation
Autonomic denervation: surgical or catheter-based interruption of autonomic nerves (sympathectomy, parasympathectomy, renal denervation) for therapy or research; includes 1924 lumbar sympathectomy origins and 2023 FDA renal denervation approval.
Autopsy
Autopsy (post-mortem examination, necropsy): medical examination of a body after death by a pathologist. Two types, forensic (legally ordered) and clinical (hospital, consent-based); determines cause and manner of death, audits diagnoses, rates now under 10%.
Autorefraction
Autorefraction is an ophthalmic examination method in which an instrument called an autorefractor objectively measures a person's refractive error and estimates the spectacle prescription without subjective responses.
Autotransfusion
Autotransfusion is a clinical procedure that collects blood a patient loses during surgery or trauma and reinfuses it, most commonly with a device called a cell saver.
Autotransplantation
Autotransplantation is a surgical procedure that transfers tissue or an organ, such as a tooth, kidney, or parathyroid tissue, from one site to another within the same person's body.
AVPU
AVPU (Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive) is a four-level consciousness scale used in emergency and prehospital care; it maps to GCS ranges of roughly 15, 13, 8, and 3 and appears in most early warning scores.
Awake craniotomy
Awake craniotomy is a neurosurgical technique in which part of a brain operation is done with the patient awake, allowing real-time testing of speech and movement.
Awareness under general anaesthesia
Awareness under general anaesthesia (ICD-11 NE89; AAGA, anesthesia awareness): consciousness with recall during intended general anaesthesia, affecting about 1-2 per 1,000 cases; neuromuscular blockade raises risk over 16-fold, and distress or PTSD can follow.
Axel Munthe
Axel Munthe (1857–1949) was a Swedish physician and psychiatrist who practiced in Paris, Rome, and Capri and wrote the bestselling 1929 memoir The Story of San Michele.
Axillary brachial plexus block
The axillary brachial plexus block, or axillary block, is a regional anesthesia technique that numbs the forearm, wrist, and hand for surgery via injection in the armpit.
Axillary lymph node dissection
Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), also called axillary dissection or axillary lymphadenectomy, is an operation that removes lymph nodes from the armpit to stage and treat breast cancer.
Axillary reverse mapping
Axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is a surgical technique that traces arm lymphatic drainage during breast cancer axillary surgery so arm lymphatics can be preserved and lymphedema reduced.
Axillofemoral Bypass Grafting
Axillofemoral bypass grafting (AxFB, AXFBG) is an extra-anatomic vascular procedure tunneling a prosthetic graft from the axillary artery to the femoral arteries, first reported by Blaisdell and Hall in 1963, used for high-risk aortoiliac occlusive disease and aortic graft infection.
B-CLEAN trial
The B-CLEAN trial, a Canadian program of endoscopist-blinded randomized trials at 10 hospitals, found low-volume split-dose polyethylene glycol bowel preparation noninferior to high-volume for colonoscopy cleansing.
B-Lynch suture
The B-Lynch suture is a uterine compression suture developed by Christopher B-Lynch in 1997 that controls severe postpartum hemorrhage when drugs fail, avoiding hysterectomy and preserving fertility.
B-scan ocular ultrasonography
B-scan ocular ultrasonography is a two-dimensional, brightness-mode ultrasound technique that images the eye's interior, most often when cataract, hemorrhage, or corneal opacity prevents direct viewing.
BA&UK study
BA&UK (NCT04792944), Brain Aneurysms: Utility of Cisternal Urokinase Irrigation, a completed University of Valencia retrospective study comparing clipping with single 100,000 UI cisternal urokinase bolus, endovascular treatment, and drainage for aneurysmal SAH outcomes.
BACC study
BACC (Biomarkers in Acute Cardiac Care), NCT02355457, is an ongoing single-center prospective cohort study at Hamburg-Eppendorf enrolling suspected MI patients since July 2013 to derive troponin algorithms and multi-biomarker risk models.
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, also MBChB; Latin Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae) is the primary undergraduate medical degree in Commonwealth and related systems, regulated in India by the NMC with NEET-UG admission and CBME 2024 curriculum.
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN): the four-year US baccalaureate degree for registered nurses, distinct from the ADN and diploma pathways; covers curriculum, 400–1,000 clinical hours, NCLEX-RN licensure, costs, patient-outcome evidence, and RN-to-BSN and accelerated routes.
Bacilloscopy
Bacilloscopy, also called sputum smear microscopy or acid-fast bacillus (AFB) testing, is microscopic examination of stained smears to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Ziehl-Neelsen or auramine staining, 25-75% sensitivity versus culture, high specificity.
Bacterial Load
Bacterial load is the quantity of bacteria in a sample such as blood, sputum, or a wound, measured by culture or qPCR and often linked to mortality risk.