Clinical assessment and procedures

Clinical interview

A clinical interview is a conversational assessment method in which a trained interviewer questions a respondent about symptoms and life circumstances to arrive at psychiatric diagnoses.

Oct 15, 2026

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) are US federal statutes passed in 1988 that set quality standards for clinical laboratory testing on human specimens such as blood and tissue.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Clinical Microbiology and Infection (CMI), ESCMID's official monthly journal founded 1995, published by Elsevier, ISSN 1198-743X; publishes infectious disease and clinical microbiology research, guidelines, Q1-ranked, impact factor reported between 8.7 and 14.2.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology

Clinical Neurophysiology (ISSN 1388-2457) is the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, published by Elsevier since 1949, formerly Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, covering research on nervous system pathophysiology.

Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale

The Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item clinician-rated scale measuring opioid withdrawal severity, introduced by Wesson and Ling in 2003 and used to time buprenorphine treatment.

Clinical pathway

A clinical pathway, also known as a critical pathway or integrated care pathway, is a structured multidisciplinary plan of care standardizing diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring for a specific condition.

Clinical prediction rule

A clinical prediction rule, also called a clinical decision rule, combines three or more predictors from history, examination, or simple tests to estimate diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment decisions for individual patients.

Oct 20, 2026

Clinical radiology

Clinical radiology: the imaging-based medical specialty, and the monthly Elsevier journal (ISSN 0009-9260, since 1960, formerly Journal of the Faculty of Radiologists) of the UK Royal College of Radiologists.

Clinical Relevance

Clinical relevance (clinical significance, clinical importance): criteria for whether a finding or treatment effect is large enough to matter for patient care, distinct from statistical significance; anchored by MCID, smallest worthwhile effect, and GRADE decision thresholds.

Clinical research

Clinical research studies people, their data, or tissue samples to understand health and disease. Covers observational studies and clinical trials, NIH trial definition, ICH E6(R3) GCP, ClinicalTrials.gov registration, and RCT versus observational evidence.

Clinical staging

Clinical staging is the classification of a cancer's extent by tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis, using the TNM system, assigned before any definitive treatment to guide therapy and predict survival.

Clinical symptom

Clinical symptom: a subjective indication of disease felt and reported by the patient (pain, nausea, fatigue), contrasted with the objective clinical sign; classified in ICD-10-CM R00-R99 and ICD-11 Chapter 21.

Clinical transplantation

Clinical Transplantation (Clin Transplant) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed transplantation journal founded in 1987 in Copenhagen, now published online-only by Wiley, edited by Ron Shapiro, indexed in MEDLINE and Scopus (Q2).

Clinical trial

Clinical trial: a prospective study assigning human participants to health-related interventions (drugs, devices, behavioral treatments) to evaluate health outcomes; includes randomized controlled trials, phases I to IV, registration, and decentralized designs.

Oct 15, 2026

Clinical Trials Registry-India

The Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI) is a free, public registry of clinical trials conducted in India, launched in 2007 and managed by the ICMR in New Delhi.

Clinoidectomy

Clinoidectomy, more precisely anterior clinoidectomy, is a neurosurgical operation that drills away the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone to expose the paraclinoid internal carotid artery.

Clitoral enlargement methods

Clitoral enlargement methods: testosterone therapy (mainly gender-affirming) grows the clitoris 1-3 cm over 1-2 years; topical DHT lacks approval; surgery reduces clitoromegaly.

Clitoral hood reduction

Clitoral hood reduction (hoodplasty) is an elective surgery removing excess prepuce tissue over the clitoris, usually with labiaplasty; techniques, anesthesia, risks like nerve damage, and satisfaction evidence.

Clitoridectomy

Clitoridectomy: surgical removal of the clitoris, in whole or part; WHO FGM type I, and a 19th-century Western medical operation for masturbation and hysteria, now replaced by nerve-preserving clitoroplasty.

Clock drawing test

The clock drawing test is a neuropsychological screen in which a person draws a clock set to ten after eleven, probing planning, memory, and visuospatial function.

Closed Fracture Reduction

Closed fracture reduction: realigning a broken bone by manipulation without incision. Also called closed reduction or fracture reduction, closed. Used for distal radius, pediatric forearm, and femoral shaft nailing; higher union than open reduction but more malalignment and fluoroscopy.

Closed reduction

Closed reduction is a nonsurgical orthopedic procedure in which a fractured bone or dislocated joint is realigned by manual maneuver, usually followed by a cast or splint.

Closed-Circuit Anesthesia

Closed-circuit anesthesia: inhalational technique with the APL valve closed, rebreathing CO2-absorbed exhaled gas, fresh gas matched to patient uptake; also called closed-system or quantitative anesthesia; flows near 250-500 mL/min, 1.3 MAC target, mandatory FiO2 monitoring.

Closed-loop stimulation

Closed-loop stimulation is a neuromodulation technique delivering electrical stimulation only when sensed biomarkers indicate need, used in epilepsy via the NeuroPace RNS and in Parkinson's disease via sensing-enabled deep brain stimulation systems.

Closed-loop therapy

Closed-loop therapy is medical treatment in which a device continuously measures a patient's physiological state and automatically adjusts therapy, as in automated insulin delivery and adaptive neurostimulation.

Clyde F. Barker

Clyde F. Barker (1932–2025) was an American transplant surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania who performed its first kidney transplant in 1966 and chaired surgery from 1983 to 2001.

CMT-VX trial

CMT-VX (NCT07665424) is a Taiwanese randomized non-inferiority trial testing the CMT Vessel-X PET bone-filling container against conventional vertebroplasty in 146 patients aged 40-95 with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, primary endpoint unanticipated serious adverse device effects.