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Paxillin
Paxillin is a cytoplasmic adaptor and scaffold protein at focal adhesions that coordinates cell adhesion and motility signaling, and also regulates steroid hormone receptor transcription in the nucleus.
PC-10
PC-10 (PC10, CVCL_7088) is a human lung squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a Japanese female, distributed by IBL Tokyo, carrying TP53 p.Gly245Cys, with cisplatin-resistant sublines PC10-B3 and PC10-E5.
PC-13
PC-13 (CVCL_B259, RRID:CVCL_B259) is a human lung large cell carcinoma cell line from Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Tokyo, from a Japanese male donor, carrying EGFR L858R (in 10% of cells) and TP53 Gly334Val mutations; distinct from the murine PC13 embryonal carcinoma line.
PC-6
PC-6 (CVCL_C002, also PC 6, PC6) is a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line established by Immuno-Biological Laboratories, Tokyo, from a Japanese donor, used in chemotherapy and drug-resistance research with nine drug-resistant sublines.
PC-9
PC-9 (PC9, CVCL_B260) is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line from a 45-year-old male, carrying the EGFR exon 19 delE746-A750 deletion and homozygous TP53 R248Q; a standard EGFR-TKI sensitivity and drug-resistance model, formerly confused with PC-14.
PC12
PC12 (PC-12) rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line established by Greene and Tischler in 1976; synthesizes dopamine and norepinephrine and differentiates into sympathetic-neuron-like cells in response to NGF; standard neuroscience model, ATCC CRL-1721.
Pearson syndrome
Pearson syndrome (Pearson marrow-pancreas syndrome) is a rare infantile mitochondrial disorder caused by single large-scale mtDNA deletions, causing sideroblastic anemia, pancreatic insufficiency, lactic acidosis, and often evolution to Kearns-Sayre syndrome.
Peptic cell
Peptic cell, also called gastric chief cell or zymogenic cell: epithelial cell at the base of fundic gastric glands that secretes pepsinogen (activated to pepsin by HCl) and gastric lipase, differentiates from mucous neck cells, and transdifferentiates into SPEM metaplasia when parietal cells are lost.
Perineurial cell
A perineurial cell is a flattened cell that forms the concentric layers of the perineurium, the sheath around each peripheral nerve fascicle, creating the blood-nerve barrier.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC): blood cells with round nuclei, lymphocytes, monocytes, NK cells, dendritic cells, isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation for immunology assays, cryopreservation, and single-cell atlases.
Peripheral nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): all nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings outside the brain and spinal cord; 31 spinal nerve pairs plus cranial nerves; Schwann-cell myelination enables regeneration the CNS lacks.
Peripheral nervous system neuron
Peripheral nervous system neuron (CL:2000032, PNS neuron) is any neuron that is part of the peripheral nervous system, covering sensory, motor, autonomic, and enteric neurons, mostly neural crest-derived, with 17 known mouse DRG types.
Perivascular cell
Perivascular cells are cells adjacent to blood vessels, including pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts, and perivascular macrophages, that regulate vessel integrity, blood flow, fibrosis, inflammation, and stem cell niches.
Permeability
Permeability measures how readily molecules cross membranes, in cm/s (log Perm). Covers drug permeability assays (Caco-2, MDCK, PAMPA), aquaporin and ion channel transport, and the synthetic membrane permeability-selectivity trade-off.
Peroxiredoxin
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs, Prdx): ubiquitous cysteine-based peroxidase enzymes reducing H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides via a peroxidatic cysteine, in typical 2-Cys, atypical 2-Cys, and 1-Cys classes, regulated by sulfiredoxin-reversible hyperoxidation.
Peroxisomal protein import
Peroxisomal protein import: post-translational delivery of folded matrix proteins into peroxisomes via PEX5/PEX7 receptors, a PEX13/PEX14 pore, PEX5 monoubiquitination, and PEX1/PEX6 ATP-driven recycling; defects cause Zellweger spectrum disorders.
Peroxisome
Peroxisome: single-membrane eukaryotic organelle, no DNA, named by de Duve 1965; contains catalase and H2O2-producing oxidases; performs fatty acid alpha/beta-oxidation, plasmalogen synthesis; PEX gene defects cause Zellweger spectrum disorders.
Pfeiffer
Pfeiffer (ATCC CRL-2632, CVCL_3326) is a human B lymphocyte cell line established in 1992 from pleural effusion of an adult male with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EBV-negative, CD10/CD19/CD20/CD38-positive, IgG kappa, t(14;18), used to study non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are immune cells that kill microorganisms and remove debris, including professional white blood cells and non-professional cells like fibroblasts, noted by Metchnikoff.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: receptor-mediated, actin-driven ingestion of particles larger than 0.5 μm by professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, forming phagosomes that mature into phagolysosomes; discovered by Metchnikoff, 1908 Nobel Prize.
Phosphate transporter
Phosphate transporter: membrane protein moving inorganic phosphate across membranes. Plant PHT1-PHT5 families (plasma membrane to vacuole) and mammalian SLC20/SLC34 Na+-Pi cotransporters; regulated by PTH, FGF23, vitamin D.
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic aminophospholipid, is the most abundant negatively charged phospholipid in eukaryotic membranes, kept in the inner plasma-membrane leaflet by flippases; its surface exposure signals apoptosis and blood clotting.
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging
Phosphorescence lifetime imaging (PLIM) is an optical microscopy method that maps oxygen in living cells and tissues, converting phosphorescence decay times into local oxygen pressure; it is widely used for tumor hypoxia and brain oxygen imaging.
Photoactivated localization microscopy
Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) is a single-molecule fluorescence microscopy method introduced in 2006 that images cellular structures at about 20–30 nm resolution, ten times finer than conventional light microscopy.
Photostimulation
Photostimulation is the use of light to control the activity of living cells, chiefly through optogenetics, which makes neurons light-sensitive; introduced for circuit mapping in 1993, it is now a general neuroscience tool.
Photosynthetic cell
A photosynthetic cell converts light energy into chemical energy by fixing carbon dioxide into organic compounds, occurring in cyanobacteria, algae, and plant cells with plastids.
Phragmoplast
Phragmoplast: the plant cytokinetic apparatus of microtubules, actin, and membranes that builds the cell plate centrifugally; regulated by MAP65-3 and α-Aurora kinase, evolved in Charophyte algae.
PI3K/AKT activation
PI3K/AKT activation is the signaling sequence in which PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3, recruiting AKT and PDK1 to the membrane for dual phosphorylation by mTORC2 and PDPK1. Also called PI3K/AKT signaling, it regulates survival, growth, and metabolism and is among the most frequently altered pathways in cancer.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) pathway: intracellular signaling cascade regulating cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism; frequently dysregulated in cancer via PIK3CA mutation or PTEN loss; targeted by rapalogs, PI3K, AKT, and dual inhibitors.
Piezo family
Piezo family: mechanosensitive ion channels Piezo1 and Piezo2, identified in 2010 (Nobel Prize 2021), huge trimeric propeller-shaped cation channels for touch, proprioception, blood flow, and red cell hydration, with mutation-linked diseases.