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Enterocyte
An enterocyte is the absorptive epithelial cell that lines the intestinal mucosa, whose microvilli form the brush border; enterocytes make up more than 80% of small intestinal epithelial cells.
Enteroendocrine cell
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are hormone-secreting epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas; under 1% of gut epithelium, they form the body's largest endocrine organ and drive gut-brain signaling.
Enteroglial cell
Enteroglial cell (enteric glial cell, enteric glia): glial cell of the gut's enteric nervous system; ensheaths multiaxonal bundles, expresses GFAP and S100β, outnumbers enteric neurons 4-fold in mice and 6-fold in humans, and drives reactive gliosis in IBD and IBS.
Ephrin signaling
Ephrin signaling: bidirectional contact-dependent cell communication between Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and membrane-bound ephrin ligands, with forward and reverse signaling governing axon guidance, angiogenesis, and cancer.
Epidermal cell (cell of epidermis)
An epidermal cell is an epithelial cell of the skin's outermost layer, derived from the ectoderm; keratinocytes make up about 90% of the human epidermis.
Epidermal melanocyte
Epidermal melanocyte: neural crest-derived dendritic cell in the basal epidermis (also called epidermal melanin unit cell) that makes melanin in melanosomes and transfers it, via melanocores or globules, to 30-40 keratinocytes for UV photoprotection.
Epithelial cell
An epithelial cell is a cell forming an epithelium, a continuous sheet of tightly connected, polarized cells that covers body surfaces, lines organs, and forms glands.
Epithelial cell of prostate
Epithelial cell of prostate (CL:0002231) is the Cell Ontology term for prostate gland epithelium, covering secretory luminal cells, basal cells, and neuroendocrine cells, their androgen regulation, and roles in prostate cancer and BPH.
Epithelial sodium channel
Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), amiloride-sensitive heterotrimeric Na+ channel (αβγ or δβγ, SCNN1A-D genes) in tight epithelia; regulates blood pressure, kidney sodium reabsorption, and airway fluid; mutations cause Liddle syndrome and PHA1.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT): a cell process in which epithelial cells lose junctions and polarity and become migratory mesenchymal cells; TGF-β-induced, reversible, central to embryogenesis, fibrosis, and cancer metastasis and drug resistance.
Epithelium
Epithelium (epithelial tissue): sheet of cells covering body surfaces and lining cavities and glands, arising from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm; classified simple/stratified, squamous/cuboidal/columnar, with apical-basal polarity, tight junctions, and a basement membrane.
Erythroid lineage cell
Erythroid lineage cell (erythropoietic cell, CL:0000764): any immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to erythrocytes, from HSC-derived BFU-E and CFU-E progenitors through erythroblasts to reticulocytes, regulated by EPO, GATA1, and KLF1.
Erythroid progenitor cell
Erythroid progenitor cell (BFU-E, CFU-E): a progenitor committed to the erythroid lineage, arising from MEP in erythropoiesis; BFU-E needs SCF plus EPO, CFU-E depends on EPO alone, and CD71+ erythroid cells suppress immune responses.
Erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian
Mammalian erythroid progenitor cells, chiefly BFU-E and CFU-E, are EPO- and SCF-regulated, lineage-committed marrow and fetal-liver cells defined by colony-forming assays that generate red blood cells.
Erythrophore
Erythrophore: a neural crest-derived vertebrate pigment cell (chromatophore) with pteridine and carotenoid pigments in pterinosomes or erythrosomes, giving orange to red color; distinct from the yellow xanthophore and involved in fish and amphibian color change.
Essential MCU regulator, mitochondrial
Essential MCU regulator, mitochondrial (EMRE, formerly C22orf32) is a 10 kDa single-pass inner mitochondrial membrane protein, metazoan-specific, required for MCU-mediated calcium uptake and proposed to bridge MICU1/2 to the MCU pore.
Eukaryogenesis
Eukaryogenesis is the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic cell from archaeal ancestors between 1.8 and 2.7 billion years ago, marked by the endosymbiotic acquisition of an alphaproteobacterium that became the mitochondrion.
Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell: the nucleated, compartmentalized cell type of animals, plants, fungi, and protists, defined by a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria, which arose from an alphaproteobacterial endosymbiosis in an archaeal host roughly 1.8 to 2.7 billion years ago.
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Eukaryotic DNA replication: cell-cycle-regulated copying of linear chromosomes from many origins (up to 100,000 in humans) during S phase, using ORC/MCM licensing, CMG helicase, pol alpha/delta/epsilon, PCNA, and telomerase.
Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)
Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S), the mRNA-decoding small subunit of the 80S ribosome, made of 18S rRNA and about 32-33 proteins; differs from bacterial 30S in tRNA-dependent mRNA binding and initiation factors.
Eukaryotic translation
Eukaryotic translation, protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes in eukaryotic cells, proceeds through initiation (m7G cap recognition, 43S PIC, scanning), elongation (A/P/E sites), and termination at UAG/UAA/UGA stop codons, regulated by eIFs, eEFs, eRFs, and mTOR signaling.
Eukaryotic Translation Elongation
Eukaryotic translation elongation: the ribosome cycle of decoding, peptide bond formation, and translocation driven by eEF1A, eEF1B, eEF2, and eIF5A, adding one amino acid per codon at roughly six residues per second.
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation
Eukaryotic translation initiation: assembly of an 80S ribosome at an mRNA start codon via cap-dependent scanning or IRES-mediated internal initiation, using eIF factors such as eIF4F and eIF2, regulated by mTOR, MAPK, and stress pathways.
Evolution of photosynthesis
Evolution of photosynthesis: from anoxygenic single-reaction-center phototrophy to oxygenic cyanobacteria before the ~2.4 Ga Great Oxidation Event, plastid endosymbiosis, and the repeated convergent evolution of C4 (66+ origins) and CAM in plants.
Ex vivo cell expansion
Ex vivo cell expansion is a cell culture technique that grows cells removed from a living organism outside the body to increase their numbers for research and cell therapy manufacture.
Ex vivo culture
Ex vivo culture is a bench biology technique in which cells or tissues removed from a living organism are grown outside the body under controlled laboratory conditions.
Excretory cell
An excretory cell is a specialized cell type that performs excretion or osmoregulation, removing toxic wastes and keeping the balance between cells and their surroundings.
Exocrine cell
Exocrine cell: an epithelial cell secreting via ducts onto body surfaces (salivary, sweat, sebaceous, lacrimal, mammary, pancreatic acinar cells), unlike endocrine cells that secrete into blood; serous, mucous, and lipid cell types.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis: vesicle-plasma membrane fusion releasing cell contents. Two pathways, constitutive (all cells) and regulated (neurons, endocrine, exocrine cells, Ca2+-triggered via SNAREs, synaptotagmin); modes include full-collapse, kiss-and-run, compound fusion.
Exosome (vesicle)
Exosome (vesicle): 30-100 nm extracellular vesicle released by multivesicular body fusion with the plasma membrane; discovered 1983 in reticulocytes by Johnstone and Stahl's groups; carries proteins, lipids, and RNA between cells; no FDA-approved exosome products exist.