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Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency
Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency is a mitochondrial disorder affecting complex IV of the respiratory chain, impairing cellular energy production and usually beginning before age 2.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, splitting one cell into two. Animals, fungi, and amoebas use an actin-myosin-II contractile ring; plants build a cell plate; ESCRT-III mediates abscission.
Cytophotometry
Cytophotometry: microscope-based quantification of stained or fluorescent cell components, chiefly Feulgen-stained DNA, founded on Caspersson's 1930s microspectrophotometry; static single-cell ancestor of flow and image cytometry.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm: all material inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus; cytosol plus organelles. A crowded, 20-30% macromolecule-occupied medium organized by cytoskeletal transport, streaming, and phase-separated condensates.
Cytoplasmic male sterility
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited, mitochondrion-encoded plant trait suppressing viable pollen, counteracted by nuclear Rf restorer genes; used in three-line hybrid seed production of maize, rice, sugar beet, and Brassicaceae, notably Ogura CMS.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is the dynamic network of protein filaments, actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, that gives a cell shape and drives transport, movement, and division.
Cytosol
Cytosol: the intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm left after removing organelles and insoluble components; also called cell sap. Site of glycolysis, fatty acid and nucleotide synthesis, and free-ribosome protein synthesis; crowded, with hindered anomalous diffusion.
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity, the toxicity of a substance to cells, is measured in vitro with assays such as MTT, LDH release, neutral red uptake, and ATP assays; it underpins drug screening, chemical safety, and ISO 10993 medical device biocompatibility testing.
D425 Med
D425 Med (CVCL_1275, RRID:CVCL_1275) is a human Group 3 medulloblastoma cell line from a 6-year-old male, MYC- and OTX2-amplified with mutant TP53, used widely in xenograft and therapy studies.
Daoy
Daoy, also written DAOY, is a continuous human cell line established in 1985 from a 4-year-old boy's cerebellar medulloblastoma, used as a standard laboratory model of the childhood brain tumor.
DAP3
DAP3 (death associated protein 3, MRPS29/mS29) is a human GTP-binding protein of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit, essential for mitochondrial translation, embryonic development, apoptosis signaling, and linked to Perrault syndrome and cancer.
Death Receptor Signaling
Death Receptor Signaling: apoptosis pathway from TNFRSF death receptors (TNFR1, Fas/CD95, TRAIL-R1/2, DR3, DR6) via death domains, FADD, DISC, caspase-8; also NF-kappaB survival signaling.
Death-inducing signaling complex
Death-inducing signaling complex (DISC): the Fas/CD95 and TRAIL receptor (DR4/DR5) membrane platform of FADD, caspase-8/-10, and c-FLIP that activates caspase-8 by proximity-induced dimerization to start extrinsic apoptosis; structurally a 7:5 Fas-FADD DD oligomer with DED filaments.
Decellularization
Decellularization is a tissue engineering method that removes cells and their genetic material from tissue or intact organs, leaving the extracellular matrix as a scaffold that can be reseeded with cells.
Decoy death receptors
Decoy death receptors are TNF receptor superfamily members, such as DcR1 and DcR2, that bind death ligands like TRAIL but cannot trigger apoptosis because they lack a functional death domain.
Degradation of the extracellular matrix
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM breakdown, Reactome R-HSA-1474228): enzymatic cleavage of collagens, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and proteoglycans by MMPs, ADAMTS, and serine proteases, regulated by TIMPs and the cysteine-switch mechanism.
Dendrite
Dendrite: branched neuronal process receiving synaptic inputs; from Greek dendron (tree), coined by Wilhelm His in 1889. Distinct from dendritic cells; shape, spines, and actin-microtubule development.
Depurination
Depurination is the hydrolytic loss of a purine base (adenine or guanine) from DNA, creating about 10,000 abasic sites per human cell each day, repaired by base excision repair.
Derlin
Derlins (Der1, Derlin-1/2/3) are inactive rhomboid-like ER membrane proteins mediating ERAD retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins to the proteasome, partners of Hrd1 and p97, exploited by viruses and toxins and linked to cancer and liver disease.
Dermatopontin
Dermatopontin (DPT, TRAMP) is a 22-kDa non-collagenous extracellular matrix protein abundant in dermis that accelerates collagen and fibronectin fibril formation, enhances TGF-β activity, promotes cell adhesion and wound re-epithelialization, and is reduced in fibrotic and diabetic skin.
Desmosome
Desmosome: intercellular adhesive junction anchoring intermediate filaments via desmoglein/desmocollin cadherins, plakoglobin, plakophilins, and desmoplakin; key in skin and heart, disrupted in pemphigus and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
Detroit 562
Detroit 562 (CVCL_1171, ATCC CCL-138) is a human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line from a female patient's metastatic pleural effusion; HPV-negative, TP53 R175H and PIK3CA H1047R mutant, widely used HNSCC model.
Detroit 6
Detroit 6 (Det-6, CVCL_2436) is a human cancer cell line described in 1956 as sternal marrow from a male lung carcinoma patient but shown by Gartler and later work to be a HeLa derivative carrying HPV18.
Dicarboxylate/Amino Acid:Cation Symporter
DAACS (TC 2.A.23), the Dicarboxylate/Amino Acid:Cation Symporter family, secondary transporters coupling dicarboxylate and amino acid uptake to Na+ or H+; human SLC1 members, GltPh trimer fold, bacterial DctA.
Differential centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is a cell fractionation method that separates cell components by spinning a homogenate at stepwise increasing speeds, pelleting nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes in sequence.
DiFi
DiFi (DIFI, CVCL_6895) is a human colorectal cancer cell line from a familial adenomatous polyposis (Gardner syndrome) patient, derived from metastatic ascites; MSS, EGFR-amplified, and exquisitely cetuximab-sensitive, with the DiFi5 resistant subline.
Dilution cloning
Dilution cloning, or limiting dilution cloning, is a cell biology technique that isolates single cells by serial dilution into microtiter plate wells and grows clonal cell lines from them.
Diphtheria toxin
Diphtheria toxin, the ADP-ribosylating A-B toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae carrying the tox gene, inactivates elongation factor 2 to cause diphtheria; discovered by Roux and Yersin in 1888.
DLD-1
DLD-1 (DLD1, CoCL3, ATCC CCL-221) is a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line isolated 1977-1979 from a male patient; known for clonal heterogeneity (clones A and D) and shared origin with HCT-15, HCT-8, and HRT-18.
DNA Double-Strand Break Repair
DNA double-strand break repair (DSB repair): cellular pathways, chiefly nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), that detect and rejoin DNA broken across both strands; NHEJ acts throughout the cell cycle while HR requires a replicated template.