1,440 articles
Chromosomal crossover
Chromosomal crossover, or crossing over, is the reciprocal exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. Initiated by SPO11 double-strand breaks, it follows obligate crossover, interference, and homeostasis rules and prevents aneuploidy.
Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology
Chromosome Research (ISSN 0967-3849 print, 1573-6849 online), founded 1993 in the Netherlands, is a Springer peer-reviewed journal on molecular, supramolecular, and evolutionary chromosome biology, indexed in MEDLINE, JIF 2.6 (2025), merged with Chromosoma in January 2026.
Chromosome Segregation
Chromosome segregation: distribution of duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells in mitosis, meiosis, and bacteria, via microtubule spindles, kinetochores, cohesin, checkpoints, and bacterial partitioning systems.
Chromosome transfer
Chromosome transfer is a somatic cell genetics technique that moves intact chromosomes from donor cells into recipient cells, most often by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT).
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO, PEO) is a mitochondrial myopathy causing bilateral progressive ptosis and eye-movement restriction with pupil sparing, onset typically in the third or fourth decade, often from mtDNA deletions.
CHSE-214
CHSE-214 (Chinook Salmon Embryo-214, ATCC CRL-1681, RRID:CVCL_2780) is a spontaneously immortalized Chinook salmon embryo cell line originated in 1964, grown at 21°C, and widely used for fish virus isolation, especially IHNV and IPNV.
Ciliary Microtubule Associated
Ciliary microtubule-associated proteins (CIMAPs, InterPro IPR051291; CIMAP1 formerly ODF3) are axonemal MAPs binding ciliary doublet microtubules; CIMAP1 in all motile cilia, CIMAP2 sperm-only, CIMAP3/PIFO basal body, linked to ciliopathies.
Ciliated cell
Ciliated cell: a cell bearing cilia, either motile 9+2 cilia that move mucus and fluid or a single 9+0 primary cilium acting as a signaling antenna; ciliary defects cause ciliopathies such as PKD.
Ciliated epithelial cell
Ciliated epithelial cell (CL:0000067): an epithelial cell bearing cilia, either 200-300 motile 9+2 cilia in airways, brain ventricles, and oviduct, or one sensory primary cilium; key to mucociliary clearance and linked to PCD, COPD, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Cilium
Cilium: hair-like microtubule-based organelle projecting from eukaryotic cells; motile 9+2 cilia beat via dynein, solitary 9+0 primary cilia sense signals; built by intraflagellar transport; defects cause ciliopathies such as polycystic kidney disease and PCD.
Circuit mapping
Circuit mapping is the set of experimental methods used to establish which neurons in the brain connect to which, and what those connections do, using tracers, viruses, and light.
Circulating cell
Circulating cell: any cell moving among body tissues via blood, lymph, or another medium (ontology term ZFA:0009043, CL:0000080). Covers immune cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and circulating tumor cells used in liquid biopsy.
CL-11
CL-11 (CVCL_1978, RRID:CVCL_1978), also written CL11, is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line from a left-colon primary tumor, DSMZ ACC-467, microsatellite-stable, male, with KRAS, FBXW7, and TP53 mutations; distinct from the collectin-11 protein.
Clara Franzini-Armstrong
Clara Franzini-Armstrong is an Italian-born American cell biologist, emeritus professor at the University of Pennsylvania, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1995, known for electron microscopy of muscle.
Clathrin
Clathrin: eukaryotic coat protein forming triskelia (three heavy, three light chains) that assemble into pentagon-hexagon lattices for coated pits, endocytosis, and trans-Golgi transport; discovered by Pearse after Roth and Porter's 1964 coated-pit description.
Clathrin light chain
Clathrin light chain (CLC; LCa/LCb, genes CLTA/CLTB): ~25 kDa regulatory subunits bound one per clathrin heavy chain in the triskelion; they restrain coat assembly, link clathrin to actin via Hip1/R, and arose by chordate gene duplication.
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), the main clathrin-coated vesicle uptake route of eukaryotic cells: AP2 cargo selection, dynamin scission, HSC70 uncoating; distinct from clathrin-independent endocytosis pathways.
Cleavage furrow
Cleavage furrow: equatorial indentation in animal cytokinesis, driven by an actin-myosin-II contractile ring positioned by the mitotic spindle; plants instead build a cell plate without myosin-II.
Clonogenic assay
The clonogenic assay measures whether individual cells can proliferate into colonies of 50 or more cells, the in vitro gold standard for testing radiotherapy and chemotherapy sensitivity.
Club cell
Club cell (formerly Clara cell, bronchiolar exocrine cell): non-ciliated secretory epithelial cell of bronchioles expressing SCGB1A1/CCSP (CC10, CC16, uteroglobin); progenitor for airway repair; renamed in 2012-2013 due to Max Clara's Nazi ties.
Cluster of differentiation
Cluster of differentiation (CD): nomenclature assigning numbers to groups of monoclonal antibodies recognizing the same leukocyte surface antigen, from HLDA Workshops since 1982; CD1 to CD350, used in flow cytometry immunophenotyping, distinct from CDISC terminology.
CME W1 cl.8+
CME W1 cl.8+ (Clone 8, Cl.8, CVCL_Z790) is a spontaneously immortalized Drosophila melanogaster cell line cloned from CME W1, derived from male third instar wing imaginal disc, ecdysone-susceptible, a modENCODE core line, DGRC stock 151.
CMT12
CMT12 (CMT-12, CVCL_L329) is a canine mammary carcinoma cell line derived from a Poodle papillary adenocarcinoma, formerly named CMT-2, with homozygous KMT2C and TP53 mutations, constitutive COX-2 overexpression, and FACC panel membership.
Co-115
Co-115 (CVCL_D102, RRID:CVCL_D102) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line established in 1976 from a nude-mouse xenograft of a 77-year-old woman's ascending colon tumor; MSI, BRAF V600E, PTEN mutations, CMS1 subtype.
Co-culture (cell biology)
Co-culture, or cell co-culture, is a laboratory method that grows two or more cell types together in one vessel so their signaling interactions can be studied directly.
Coculture
Coculture is a cell culture technique in which two or more distinct cell types are grown together in one vessel so their interactions and signaling can be studied directly.
Collar cell
A collar cell is a cell bearing a collar of actin-filled microvilli around an apical flagellum, found in sponges as choanocytes, in choanoflagellates, and in many other animal phyla.
COLO 205
COLO 205 (COLO-205, CVCL_0218) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line from the ascitic fluid of a 70-year-old male with Dukes type D colon cancer; mixed adherent/suspension growth, BRAF V600E, KRAS wild type, MSS, NCI-60 panel member.
Colocalization (microscopy)
Colocalization is a fluorescence microscopy image-analysis method that quantifies whether two labeled biomolecules occupy overlapping subcellular regions, using pixel-intensity correlation and overlap coefficients from dual-channel images.
Colon epithelial cell
Colon epithelial cells form the large intestine lining: LGR5+ crypt stem cells renew the epithelium every 4-5 days, producing colonocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, tuft, and M cells for absorption, mucus barrier, and electrolyte transport.